HIV : Clinical picture: Paediatric

1
HIV Clinical picture Paediatric
2
Paediatric classification (CDC,1994)

• Either according to immunological status
• ( CD4 ) which is age dependent or
• Clinical status ( physical health symptoms)

3
Immunological categories ages less then 12months

• Category 1 no immunosupression)CD4 cells count
• greater than 1499 cells/mm3 or CD4 greater
  than
• 25
• Category 2 (moderate immunosuppression)
• CD4 cell count between 740-1499 cells/mm3 or
  CD4
• between 15 24
• Category 3 severe immunosuppression) CD4 count
• below 750 cells/mm3 or CD4 below 15

4
Immunological categories aged 1-5 yrs

• Category 1 no immunosupression)CD4 count
• greater than 999 copies/mm3 or CD4 greater
  than
• 25
• Category 2 (moderate immunosuppression)
• CD4 cell count between 500 999 copies/mm3 or
  CD4 between 15-24
• Category 3 severe immunosuppression) CD4 count
  below 500 cells/mm3 or CD4 below 15

5
Immunological categories aged 6- 12 yrs

• Category 1 no immunosupression)CD4 count
• greater than 500 copies/mm3 or CD4 greater
  than
• 25
• Category 2 (moderate immunosuppression)
• CD4 cell count between 200 499 copies/mm3 or
• CD4 between 15-24
• Category 3 severe immunosuppression) CD4 count
• below 200 cells/mm3 or CD4 below 15

6
CDC 1994 Classification of Paediatric HIV/AIDS
CATEGORY N NOT SYMPTOMATIC Children who have
no signs or symptoms considered to be the result
of HIV infection or who have only one of the
conditions listed in Category A. CATEGORY A
MILDLY SYMPTOMATIC Children with 2 or more of
the following conditions but none of the
conditions listed in Categories B and C
Lymphadenopathy (gt0.5cm at gt2 sites bilateral
1 site) Hepatomegaly Splenomegaly
Dermatitis Parotitis Recurrent or
persistent upper respiratory infection,
sinusitis, or otitis media
7

• CATEGORY B MODERATELY SYMPTOMATIC
• Children who have symptomatic conditions, other
  than those listed for Category A or Category C,
  which are attributed to HIV infection. Examples
  of conditions in clinical Category B include, but
  are not limited to, the following
• Anaemia (lt8gm/dL), neutropaenia (lt1,000/mm3),
  or thrombocytopaenia (lt100,000/mm3) persisting
  gt30 days
• Bacterial meningitis, pneumonia, or sepsis
  (single episode)
• Candidiasis, oropharyngeal (e.g. thrush)
  persisting for gt2 months in children
• age gt6 months
• Cardiomyopathy
• Cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection with onset before
  age 1 month
• Diarrhoea, recurrent or chronic
• Hepatitis
• Herpes simplex virus (HSV) stomatitis,
  recurrent (e.g. gt2 episodes within 1 year)

8
Category B continued

• HSV bronchitis, pneumonitis, or oesophagitis with
  onset before age 1
• month
• Herpes zoster (e.g. shingles) involving at
  least 2 distinct episodes or
• more than 1 dermatome
• Leiomyosarcoma
• Lymphoid interstitial pneumonia (LIP) or
  pulmonary lymphoid
• hyperplasia complex

Nephropathy Nocardiosis Fever
lasting Toxoplasmosis with onset before age 1
month Varicella, disseminated (e.g.
complicated chickpox)
9
CATEGORY C SEVERELY SYMPTOMATIC o Serious
bacterial infections, multiple or recurrent (e.g.
any combination of at least 2 culture-confirmed
infections within a 2-year period), of the
following types septicaemia, pneumonia,
meningitis, bone or joint infection, or abscess
of an internal organ or body cavity (excluding
otitis media, superficial skin or mucosal
abscesses, and indwelling catheter-related
infections) o Candidiasis, oesophageal or
pulmonary (bronchi, trachea, lungs) o
Coccidioidomycosis, disseminated (at site other
than or in addition to lungs or cervical or hilar
lymph nodes) o Cryptococcosis, extrapulmonary
o Cryptosporidiosis or isosporiasis with
diarrhoea persisting gt1 month o CMV disease
with onset of symptoms at age gt1 month (at a site
other than liver, spleen, or lymph nodes)
10
CATEGORY C SEVERELY SYMPTOMATIC Continued
Encephalopathy (at least 1 of the following
progressive findings present for at least 2
months in the absence of a concurrent illness
other than HIV infection that could explain the
findings) a) failure to attain or loss of
developmental milestones or loss of intellectual
ability, verified by standard developmental scale
or neuropsychological tests b) impaired brain
growth or acquired microcephaly demonstrated by
head circumference measurements or brain atrophy
demonstrated by CT or MRI (serial imaging is
required for children age lt2 years) c) acquired
symmetric motor deficit manifested by 2 or more
of the following paresis, pathologic reflexes,
ataxia, or gait disturbance d) HSV infection
causing a mucocoetaneous ulcer that persists for
gt1 month or e) bronchitis, pneumonitis, or
oesophagitis for any duration affecting a child
age gt1 month
11
CATEGORY C SEVERELY SYMPTOMATIC
Continued Histoplasmosis, disseminated (at a
site other than or in addition to lungs or
cervical or hilar lymph nodes) o Kaposi's
sarcoma (KS) o Lymphoma, primary, in brain o
Lymphoma, small, noncleaved cell (Burkitt's), or
immunoblastic or large cell lymphoma of B-cell or
unknown immunologic phenotype o Mycobacterium
tuberculosis, disseminated or extrapulmonary
Mycobacterium, other species or unidentified
species, disseminated (at a site other than or in
addition to lungs, skin, or cervical or hilar
lymph nodes) o Mycobacterium avium complex or
Mycobacterium kansasii, disseminated (at site
other than or in addition to lungs, skin, or
cervical or hilar lymph nodes)
12

• CATEGORY C SEVERELY SYMPTOMATIC Continued
• Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia (PCP)
• o Progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy
  (PML)
• o Salmonella (nontyphoid) septicaemia, recurrent
• o Toxoplasmosis of the brain with onset at age gt1
  month
• o Wasting syndrome in the absence of a concurrent
  illness other than HIV infection that could
  explain the following findings a) persistent
  weight loss gt10 of baseline OR b) downward
  crossing of at least 2 of the following
  percentile lines on the weight-for-age chart
  (e.g. 95th, 75th, 50th, 25th, 5th) in a child age
  gt1 year OR c) lt5th percentile on
  weight-for-height chart on 2 consecutive
  measurements, gt30 days apart PLUS a) chronic
  diarrhoea (e.g. at least 2 loose stools/day for
  gt30 days) OR b) documented fever (for gt30 days,
  intermittent or constant)

13
Diagnosis in infants

• Blood samples from umbilical cord should not be
  used.
• A ve virological test ie. detection of HIV by
  culture, or DNA or RNA PCR indicates possible HIV
  infection should be confirmed by repeating
  testing ASAP.
• HIV DNA PCR is preferred method during infancy.
  Testing performed before infant is 48hrs (
  identifies 40 of infections), again at 14 days
  (identifies 90), 1-2 months 3-6months.
• HIV infection confirmed by 2 ve virological
  tests on 2 separate occassions
• HIV Culture has similar levels of sensitivity to
  DNA PCR but more complex, expensive results not
  available for 2- 4weeks
• P24 antigen have been used to diagnose HIV in
  children but NOT sufficiently sensitive to use in
  children lt 1month.
• If initially ve retest at 1-2 months, and 3- 6
  months.
• HIV excluded if HIV IgG antibody ve in absence
  of hypogammaglobulinaemia at 18 months, if child
  has BOTH no clinical symptoms of HIV -ve
  virological assays.

14
(No Transcript)
15
(No Transcript)
16
(No Transcript)
17
(No Transcript)
18
(No Transcript)
19
(No Transcript)
20
(No Transcript)
21
(No Transcript)
22
(No Transcript)
23
(No Transcript)
24
(No Transcript)
25
CHIVA ( 2007) Baseline investigations for
suspected HIV in an infant/ child. _at_
www.chiva.org.uk/protocols