Protons%20for%20Breakfast

1
Protons for Breakfast

• Week 6
• Do we need nuclear power?

2
In the event of an alarm sounding
3
Nuclear PowerThe UK Energy Scene
Security of Supply
Cost!
Carbon
Carbon
Carbon
Renewables versus Nuclear
Chernobyl
Carbon
Carbon
Carbon
Link to Weapons
Diversity of Supply
Carbon
Carbon
Sustainability
Waste!
4
Nuclear PowerThe UK Context

• How is electricity generated?
• How much electricity does Britain need and where
  does it come from?
• Nuclear Power Stations are due for closure
• Energy Gap?
• How to replace the lost generating capacity?
• Reduce demand, Wind Power, Tidal Barrage, Solar
  Power?
• Nuclear Power?
• Radioactivity Nuclear Fission
• Pros and Cons

5
Tonights TalkElectricity generation in the UK

• How is electricity generated?
• How much electricity does Britain need and where
  does it come from?
• Nuclear Power Stations are due for closure
• How to replace the lost generating capacity?
• Reduce demand, Wind Power, Tidal Barrage, Solar
  Power?
• Nuclear Power?
• Radioactivity Nuclear Fission
• Pros and Cons

Does Britian need nuclear power?
6
Helpers

• Jonathan Pearce
• Laurie Winkless
• Lindsay Chapman
• Mateusz Szymanski
• Matthew Tedaldi
• Nathan Stradling
• Neelaksh Sadhoo
• Paul Carroll
• Peter Quested
• Peter Woolliams
• Piers de Lavison
• Rainer Winkler
• Richard Gilham
• Robin Underwood
• Ruth Montgomery
• Sharmila Hanson
• Stephanie Bell
• Steven Legg
• Tim Burnitt

Experts Martin Milton Tom Gardiner Paul
Quincy Nigel Fox Heather Browning Andrew
Gregory Andrew Beardmore David Knight Bob
Clarke Kevin Lees Alan DuSautoy Alan
Turnbull Nigel Jennett John Makepeace Simon Jerome

• Amanda Law
• Andrew Hanson
• Arzu Arinc
• Averil Horton
• Clive Scoggins
• Deborah Lea
• Emma Woolliams
• Gianluca Memoli
• Heather Browning
• Jacquie Elkin
• James Miall
• Jeff Flowers
• Jenny Wilkinson
• Jian Wang
• Joanna Lee
• John Makepeace
• John Mountford

7
Electricity

• Eeeee - lec- tric-ity

Where does it come from?
8
Tonights Talk

• How is electricity generated?

9
How is electricity generated? (1)
Type of station Electricity made by What makes coil turn? Energy Source Ultimate Source
Coal Coil turning in a magnetic field Turbine driven by hot steam Chemical C O2 ? CO2 Solar
Gas Coil turning in a magnetic field Turbines driven by hot gas and steam Chemical CH4 2O2 ? CO2 2H20 Solar
Nuclear Coil turning in a magnetic field Turbine driven by hot steam Nuclear Fission U n? ??? Stellar
Wind/Wave Coil turning in a magnetic field Turbine driven by air or water Nuclear Fusion 4H ? He Solar
Mamod Coil turning in a magnetic field Pistons driven by steam Chemical C O2 ? CO2 ?
10
Mamod
11
While the station powers up

• Please take 10 minutes to fill out the feedback
  forms.
• These forms are important
• They help everyone involved in the course assess
  whether it has been successful, and decide what
  to change and what to keep the same

Ticking the boxes is important, but your
comments are especially valuable.
12

• How much electricity do we need?

13
Electricity Generation in UK Daily variations in
2001/2002

• gigawatt (GW)
• billion watts 109 W
• 1000000000 W
• 10 Million Light bulbs

1 gigawatt (GW) billion watts 109 W 10 Million
100 W light bulbs Roughly speaking 1 large power
station
14
Electricity Demand 2001-2009
Mmmm. Looks near to 60 GW peak demand!
15
Electricity Generation in UK Daily variations in
2001/2002

• 1 gigawatt (GW)
• billion watts 109 W
• 10 Million 100 W light bulbs
• Roughly speaking 1 large power station

Required generating capacity (GW) Summer Winter
Peak 45 60
Base 25 30
Daily Maximum- Daily Minimum 30 30
16
Energy Consumption Right Now!

• How do we meet this demand?

17
Electricity Generation in UK

• Typical Winter Demand
• Thursday 6th December 2001

Power (GW)
50
40
Large Coal
30
20
Gas (Combined Cycle)
10
Nuclear
0
600
1200
1800
2400
000
Time of Day
18
Electricity Generation in UK Data from 2004
19
Current UK Nuclear CapacityHistory and Future
History
20
Electricity Generation in UK 2020

• Nuclear will decline
• Renewables will increase
• but by how much?
• No shortage of coal and gas
• See BP Energy Review
• Cost?
• Security of supply?

Wind/Biomass/Landfill Gas
3.5
Imports
Hydroelectric
2.5
1
Coal
Nuclear
33
Oil
1
Gas
40
http//www.bp.com/productlanding.do?categoryId692
9contentId7044622
21
Alternatives?
60
50

• Is it possible to
• Reduce Gas and Coal generation
• Increase Renewables
• Avoid replacing Nuclear Power stations

40
30
20
Can we reduce demand?
10
22
What to do?Reduce Demand

• My familys electricity usage for the last four
  years
• Can we make people and businesses use
  less?electricity?
• Price
• Rationing

2000 kWh 20 reduction
260 a year
23
Electricity Usage in UK 2004
Universal use of CF light bulbs will eliminate
the need for 1 large power station

• Several easy wins

24
Alternatives?
60
Most people would think this is wildly optimistic!
50

• So reducing demand could help.

40
30
What can wind provide?
20
10
25
Wind Power (1)UK Wind in 2007

• UK has some of the best sites in Europe
• Currently
• 154 Projects
• 1900 Turbines
• 2.293 GW
• Plus
• 1.3 GW under construction
• 4.6 GW planning approved
• 9.8 GW seeking approval
• 18 GW in a few years time

26
Wind Power Could we get 10 (5.3 GW) of
electricity from wind?

• Wind has problems of
• availability
• variability

27
Alternatives?
60
Very ambitious, but achievable
50
WIND
40

• So wind can provide a lot of power,
• but we cant control when it is generated
• Could we store some of the power?

30
20
10
28
Wind Power The Grid

• Electricity needs to be generated at exactly the
  time it is needed.
• Storage is possible, but difficult
• Variability limits likely maximum wind
  contribution to about
• 10? Yes
• 20? Arguably
• 30? Unlikely

Photo Credit Spencer Jarvis
29
Electricity Generation in UKPumped Storage

• 0 to 1.3 GW in 12 seconds

30
Other Alternatives?
60
50
WIND
WIND STOR

• So reducing demand can help.
• And wind and stored energy could help too
• What about solar electricity?

40
30
20
10
31
Solar Photo VoltaicStep 1

• Put this on your roof
• 9 m2
• Twickenham

32
Solar Photo Voltaic Step 2

• Put these in your house

33
Solar Photo VoltaicHey presto!
AMAZING FACT! In the summer months there is
more solar energy at UK latitude than EVER
reaches the Equator!
PLUS GOVERNMENT CASHBACK! 0.35 for every unit
fed back to the grid!

• Average 3.5 kWh/day (1277.5 kWh/year)
• Saving 3.5 x 13 pence per kWh 46 p/day (166 /
  year)
• Cost in 2005 9000
• Return on investment 1.8

34
Other Alternatives?
60
Mainly in Summer
50
WIND
WIND STOR
40

• So reducing demand can help.
• And wind and stored energy could help too.
• Even solar energy can help

SUN
30
20
10
35
Severn Tidal Barrage

• Could generate 10 of UK demand
• 5 GW
• 15B

36
Summary
MmmEvery one of these figures looks optimistic
60
50
WIND
WIND STOR
Action Effect (GW)
Reducing demand 10
wind and stored energy 10
tidal barrage or lagoons 10
Solar energy 3
And there are many other possibilities ?
40
SUN
TIDE
30
20
10
37
Nuclear PowerThe UK Context
The UK is committed to 34 reduction in CO2
emission by 2020
The UK is committed to 80 reduction in CO2
emission by 2050
Sustainable and diverse supplies are more secure
Renewables AND Nuclear
Renewables versus Nuclear
Energy costs likely to rise in long term
38
Carbon Crunch
60
50
WIND
WIND STOR
Method of generation Kilograms of CO2 emitter for every 1 kWhe supplied
Coal ?1
Gas (CCGT) ?0.5
Wind ?0.01
Tide ?0.01
Nuclear ?0.01
40
SUN
TIDE
30
20
10
39
Summary
60
50
WIND
WIND STOR

• 11 GW of CO2-free generating capacity will be
  retiring in the next 17 years
• Even replacing it will not reduce CO2 emissions

40
SUN
TIDE
30
20
10
So lets find out about nuclear power!
40

• To understand nuclear power
• and how it works
• we first need to understand about
• Radioactivity

41
Some radioactive things (10)

• Lets look at some radioactive things
• Detectors
• Cloud Chamber
• Supermarket Radioactivity

42
Remember this
43
Powers of Ten Nuclear Power
1018
1024
100
106
1012
10-6
1030
1036
10-18
10-12
Very Very Large
Very Very Small
103
109
1015
10-3
1021
1027
1033
10-15
10-9
The issues surrounding nuclear power involve
physical processes with length scales spanning 25
powers of 10!
44
How are atoms made?
Electrical Repulsion
proton
Interact by the short range strong force not
electrical
45
How are atoms made?
46
What is Radioactivity(2)

• Normally nuclei act as heavy point-like centres
  for atoms
• More than 99.9 of the mass of every atom is made
  of nuclear matter
• More than 99.9 of the mass of your breakfast is
  made of nuclear matter

Nucleus
47
What is Radioactivity(3)

• The number of protons () in the nucleus
  determines the number of electrons required to
  make the atom neutral
• This determines the chemical and physical
  properties of the atom
• But the number of neutrons in a nucleus can vary

48
What is Radioactivity(4)Example 39K, 40K and 41K

• Potassium is 2.4 of the Earths crust
• Natural potassium (symbol K) has three isotopes

39K
19 protons 20 neutrons 20 19 39
40K
19 protons 21 neutrons 21 19 40
41K
19 protons 22 neutrons 22 19 41
93.3

6.7

49
What is Radioactivity(6)

• Three types of radioactivity
• Named with the Greek a, b, c
• a alpha, b beta, g gamma
• Nuclei with a balanced number of protons and
  neutrons are stable

Isotopes with too many protons Isotopes withtoo many neutrons
Alpha decay Beta decay
Emission of fast moving helium nucleus Emission of fast moving electron
And gamma radiation And gamma radiation
50
What is Radioactivity(8)Alpha (a) Decay
Nucleus with too many protons
51
What is Radioactivity(8)Beta (b) Decay
Nucleus with too many neutrons
52
Radioactivity

• What are the health risks
• of ionising radiation?

53
Radioactive health risksIntroduction

• Radioactive emissions a alpha, b beta, g gamma
• If they pass living cells, they interact
  electrically and cause damage.
• Cells are killed
• Can cause mutations and cancer
• Very bad for you
• Fortunately we have evolved in a radioactive
  world

54
Radioactive health risksMeasurement units

• Many ways of measuring radioactive dose
• Optimal measure for effect on human health is the
• Sievert

55
Radioactive health risksAnnual average UK dose
Source Dose (mSv)
Natural
Cosmic 0.26
Gamma rays 0.35
Internal 0.3
Radon 1.3
Artificial
Medical 0.37
Occupational 0.007
Fallout 0.005
Products 0.0004
Discharges 0.0002
Total 2.6

• Average annual dose to the UK population from all
  sources
• Average 0.0026 Sieverts
• Average 2.6 milliSieverts
• About 7 microSieverts /day

56
Radioactive health risksSources
From food About 15 million potassium 40 atoms and
7000 natural uranium atoms disintegrate inside us
each hour
57
What is Nuclear Power?

• Nuclear Power
• How does it work?

58
Nuclear Fission (1)Fission means splitting

• Some heavy nuclei can be induced to fission i.e.
  split in two by the addition of a single neutron
• Nuclear fragments move very fast. As they
  interact with nearby atoms they cause tremendous
  heating

One more wafer thin neutron, Sir?
59
Nuclear Fission (2)Uranium

• Uranium has two common isotopes 238U and 235U
• Uranium has 92 protons
• The 238 or 235 is the total number of protons and
  neutrons

238U 235U
neutrons 238 92 146 235 92 143
natural uranium. 99.3 0.7
Fissile? No Yes
60
Nuclear Fission (3)Uranium Fission

• 235U n gtgtgt 236U n
• After a short while
• 236U gtgtgt fragments 3 n

61
Nuclear Fission (4)Chain reaction

• 235U n gtgtgt 236U gtgtgt Fragments 3n

62
Nuclear Fission (5)Chain reaction

• Each fission produces 3 extra neutrons on average
• If more than one neutron produces an additional
  fission
• The rate of fission increases
• If uncontrolled leads to a nuclear explosion
• If less than one neutron produces an additional
  fission
• Then the rate of fission decreases
• Nuclear reactions will die out
• If exactly one neutron produces an additional
  fission
• Sustainable nuclear reaction

63
Nuclear Power Stations
64
UK Nuclear Energy update
AREVA and Electricité de France's (EDF) European
Pressurized Reactor (EPR) Westinghouse Electric
Company's (WEC) AP1000 pressurized water reactor
(PWR)
Westinghouse Link
65
What is Nuclear Power?

• Nuclear Positives

66
Nuclear PowerThe UK Context
Energy Density
Radioactive Emissions
Very low CO2 emissions
Reliability
67
Nuclear Fission (6)

• 1 kg natural uranium has a volume of 50 cm3
• Produces 40 thousand kWh
• Equivalent to 16 tons of coal
• Nuclear energy is cleaner than coal
• Lower radioactive emissions
• Much less radioactive waste
• Conventional Power Stations
• Cheaper than nuclear because they dont pay to
  clean up their waste (CO2)
• Reliability
• One fifth of UK electricity supply for last 30
  years

68
What is Nuclear Power?

• Nuclear Negatives

69
Nuclear PowerThe UK Context
Terrorism
Chernobyl
Waste!
Link to Weapons
70
Nuclear PowerThe UK Context
Chernobyl
71
Catastrophic ExplosionChernobyl

• 26 April 1986
• 31 dead Immediately
• Ultimate death toll
• 100?
• 15,000?

72
Chernobyl Effect on UK
Fall out from atmospheric atomic weapons testing

• Total radiation dose was 20 times less than the
  dose from the atmospheric bomb tests from 1945 to
  1963.

Annual dose (micro Sieverts)
Chernobyl
1951
1988
Year
73
Nuclear PowerThe UK Context
Waste!
74
Nuclear Fission (4)Chain reaction

• 235U n gtgtgt 236U gtgtgt Fragments 3n

75
Waste (4)Carbon versus Nuclear
Waste Radioactive Waste Carbon Waste(CO2)
Cost Large, but calculable Incalculable
Worldwide Physical Mass lt1 million tonnes cumulative total gt30 billion tonnes per year
Manageable Probably Probably not
76
Nuclear PowerThe UK Context
Link to Weapons
77
Nuclear Fission (6)Chain reaction

• Nuclear phenomena has always been associated with
  great hopes and great fears.
• Chicago
• 325 P.M. December 2, 1942
• Nuclear Age began
• Gain 1.0006

78
Nuclear Fission (6)Hopes

• Arthur Compton
• One of the things that I shall not forget is the
  expressions on the faces of some of the men.
  There was Fermi's faceone saw in him no sign of
  elation. The experiment had worked just as he had
  expected and that was that. But I remember best
  of all the face of Crawford Greenewalt. His eyes
  were shining. He had seen a miracle, and a
  miracle it was indeed. The dawn of a new age. As
  we walked back across the campus, he talked of
  his vision endless supplies of power to turn the
  wheels of industry, new research techniques that
  would enrich the life of man, vast new
  possibilities yet hidden.

79
Nuclear Fission (6)Fears

• Leo Szillard
• There was a crowd there and when it dispersed,
  Fermi and I stayed there alone. Enrico Fermi and
  I remained. I shook hands with Fermi and I said
  that I thought this day would go down as a black
  day in the history of mankind.
• I was quite aware of the dangers. Not because I
  am so wise but because I have read a book written
  by H. G. Wells called The World Set Free. He
  wrote this before the First World War and
  described in it the development of atomic bombs,
  and the war fought by atomic bombs. So I was
  aware of these things.
• But I was also aware of the fact that something
  had to be done if the Germans get the bomb before
  we have it. They had knowledge. They had the
  people to do it and would have forced us to
  surrender if we didn't have bombs also.
• We had no choice, or we thought we had no choice.

80
Nuclear PowerThe UK Context
Terrorism
81
Nuclear terrorism (1)

• September 11, 2001?
• What would happen if terrorists flew an aeroplane
  into a nuclear reactor?

82
Do we need nuclear power?

• We face a possible Energy Gap in the years to
  come.
• We need to reduce Carbon emissions!
• Difficult to see how we will sustain current
  levels of consumption without building new
  nuclear power.
• But we still have a choice

Summary
83
Nuclear PowerThe UK Context
The Answer!
84
The answer?

• Collect interstellar hydrogen and turn it into
  helium
• Build a fusion reactor bigger than the Earth!
• Position the reactor about 93 million miles away
• Call it the Super Universal Neutrino machine (or
  SUN)

85
UK Nuclear Energy update
AREVA and Electricité de France's (EDF) European
Pressurized Reactor (EPR) Westinghouse Electric
Company's (WEC) AP1000 pressurized water reactor
(PWR)
Westinghouse Link
86
What is Nuclear Power?

• Nuclear
• Positives Negatives

87
Nuclear Fission (6)Chain reaction

• Nuclear phenomena has always been associated with
  great hopes and great fears.
• Chicago
• 325 P.M. December 2, 1942
• Nuclear Age began
• Gain 1.0006

88
Nuclear Fission (6)Hopes

• Arthur Compton
• One of the things that I shall not forget is the
  expressions on the faces of some of the men.
  There was Fermi's faceone saw in him no sign of
  elation. The experiment had worked just as he had
  expected and that was that. But I remember best
  of all the face of Crawford Greenewalt. His eyes
  were shining. He had seen a miracle, and a
  miracle it was indeed. The dawn of a new age. As
  we walked back across the campus, he talked of
  his vision endless supplies of power to turn the
  wheels of industry, new research techniques that
  would enrich the life of man, vast new
  possibilities yet hidden.

89
Nuclear Fission (6)Fears

• Leo Szillard
• There was a crowd there and when it dispersed,
  Fermi and I stayed there alone. Enrico Fermi and
  I remained. I shook hands with Fermi and I said
  that I thought this day would go down as a black
  day in the history of mankind.
• I was quite aware of the dangers. Not because I
  am so wise but because I have read a book written
  by H. G. Wells called The World Set Free. He
  wrote this before the First World War and
  described in it the development of atomic bombs,
  and the war fought by atomic bombs. So I was
  aware of these things.
• But I was also aware of the fact that something
  had to be done if the Germans get the bomb before
  we have it. They had knowledge. They had the
  people to do it and would have forced us to
  surrender if we didn't have bombs also.
• We had no choice, or we thought we had no choice.

90
What is Nuclear Power?

• Sounds like a lot of trouble Why bother?

91
Nuclear Fission (6)

• 1 kg natural uranium has a volume of 50 cm3
• Produces 40 thousand kWh
• Equivalent to 16 tons of coal
• Nuclear energy is cleaner than coal
• Lower radioactive emissions
• Much less radioactive waste
• Conventional Power Stations
• Cheaper than nuclear because they dont pay to
  clean up their waste (CO2)

92
What is Nuclear Power?

• OK so nuclear power is quite interesting.Are
  there any downsides?
• Link to nuclear weapons
• Possibility of catastrophic explosion
• Radioactive waste
• Possibility of nuclear terrorism

93
Catastrophic ExposionChernobyl

• 26 April 1986
• 31 dead Immediately
• Ultimate death toll
• 100?
• 15,000?

94
Chernobyl Effect on UK
Fall out from atmospheric atomic weapons testing

• Total radiation emissions were 20 times less than
  the emissions from the atmospheric bomb tests
  from 1945 to 1963.

Annual dose (micro Sieverts)
Chernobyl
1951
1988
Year
95
Radioactive waste (1)Low level waste

• Low level waste
• Not very radioactive
• Much of it is precautionary
• No problem really

96
Radioactive waste (2)Intermediate level waste

• Intermediate level waste
• Very radioactive
• Quite a lot of it
• Many different physical forms
• No problem with heat
• Requires isolation for thousands of years

97
Radioactive waste (3)High level waste

• High level waste
• Used fuel rods
• Intensely radioactive
• Requires cooling
• Chemical mess
• Requires management for around 50 years
• Will remain intensely radioactive for tens of
  thousands of years

98
Radioactive waste (4)Amounts in cubic metres

• No permanent resting place has been found for
  the high level waste

Type of Waste Year 2000 Year 2030
Low 424,000 1,411 ,000
Intermediate 100,000 260 ,000
High 1,200 3,000
Amounts in cubic metres
99
Nuclear terrorism (1)

• September 11, 2001?
• What would happen if terrorists flew an aeroplane
  into a nuclear reactor?

100
Do we need nuclear power?You need to decide?

• Does Britian need nuclear power?
• Consider
• Our need to reduce carbon dioxide emissions
• The risks benefits of nuclear technology
• Do we want all countries to have nuclear power?
• The effect on renewables
• Undermining or supporting?
• The need to make decisions soon
• Build the next generation of nuclear power
  stations?
• Or not?

101
Do we need nuclear power?

• Does Britian need nuclear power?
• Please find an answer!

102
FusionThe answer?

• Collect interstellar hydrogen and turn it into
  helium
• Build a fusion reactor bigger than the Earth!
• Position the reactor about 93 million miles away
• Call it the Super Universal Neutrino machine (or
  SUN)

103
The End

• Thanks for coming to the course.If you enjoyed
  it, please tell your friends and colleagues

104
The Queen Dowager
105
The Pub
106
Resources

• Unused Slides

107
Electricity GenerationThe case for nuclear power

• So maybe we should keep nuclear power for a
  while?
• What if one considers the supply of oil

108
World Oil Production(projections)Oil prices
will rise
Table
109
World Oil ProductionWe are close to the
midpoint
GigaBarrels of Oil Annual Production
110
World Oil Production(the gap)
111
Electricity GenerationThe case for nuclear power

• But is oil relevant to this problem?
• (still plenty of gas and coal)

112
Electricity Generation in UK Pros and Cons
Type Pros Cons CO2 Kg/kWh
Nuclear Well suited to supplying base load Not popular Waste Problem 0.010
Wind Clean, plentiful, available in the UK Fluctuating Supply Unsightly? 0.001
113
Radioactive health risksRadon
114
Radioactive health risksHeight above sea level
15 km
0.01 mSv per hour
10 km
0.005 mSv per hour
7 km
Himalayas
0.001 mSv per hour
2.5 km
0.0001 mSv per hour
Mexico City
115
Electricity Generation in UK 1950

• Back in 1950
• Basically just coal

116
Electricity GenerationCO2 Emissions

• 1990 160 million tons
• 2005 150 million tons
• 2010 target 135 million tons

117
Wind PowerEnvironmental Change Institute

• Wind has problems of
• availability
• variability
• Availability
• On average a 3MW turbine only generates 1 MW
• Sometimes, it generates nothing!
• Needs conventional back up
• Variability
• If wind speed changes
• 40 to 30 mph No problem
• 30 to 20 mph Output halves!

118
Sustainable Development Commission

• Sustainable Development Commission
• The governments independent watchdog on
  sustainable development
• Report March 2006

• The two overriding concerns for Government are
  the need to
• reduce carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions as part of
  efforts to tackle climate change, and
• increase confidence in the security of energy
  supply.

Nuclear power is not the answer to tackling
climate change or security of supply
119
What is Radioactivity(5)Isotopes

• Nuclei with the same number of protons, but
  different numbers of neutrons are called isotopes
• Nuclei with an unbalanced ratio of protons and
  neutrons are unstable
• Instability is caused by electrical repulsion
  between protonsactually a couple more but dont
  worry about them for now

120
What is Radioactivity (7)Summary

• Only nuclei with a balanced number of protons
  and neutrons are stable

Isotopes with too many protons Isotopes withtoo many neutrons
Alpha decay Beta decay
Emission of fast moving helium nucleus Emission of fast moving electron
And gamma radiation And gamma radiation
121
Current UK Nuclear CapacityWith retirement dates
Power Station Capacity GW Retirement
Calder Hall 0.194 2003
Chapelcross 0.196 2005
Sizewell A 0.420 2006
Dungeness A 0.450 2006
Oldbury 0.434 2008
Dungeness B 1.110 2008
Wylfa 0.980 2010
Hinkley Point B 1.220 2011
Hunterston B 1.190 2011
Hartlepool 1.210 2014
Heysham 1 1.150 2014
Heysham 2 1.250 2023
Torness 1.250 2023
Sizewell B 1.188 2035

• Current capacity is 12.4 GW
• Most of this will be retired by 2023
• Possibly much earlier
• If we dont replace it with nuclear power, what
  should we replace it with?
• Energy savings?
• A CO2 free technology?
• If we dont replace the power stations with
  something, there will be power cuts!
• http//www.dti.gov.uk/energy/nuclear/technology/hi
  story.shtml

122
Quiz

• What is polonium 210?

• 210Po is a radioactive isotope of polonium with
  82 protons and 128 neutrons making a total of 210
  nuclear particles