Ch' 12 Learning Objectives Neurons

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Ch. 12 Learning Objectives (Neurons)

• Describe the two major divisions of the nervous
  system and their characteristics.
• Identify the structures/functions of a typical
  neuron.
• Describe the location and function of neuroglia.
• Explain how resting potential is created and
  maintained.
• Describe the events in the generation and
  propagation of an action potential.
• Define the structure/function of a synapse.
• List the major types of neurotransmitters and
  neuromodulators.
• Explain the processing of information in neural
  tissue.

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Divisions of the Nervous system

• CNS (Central Nervous system)
• Brain and spinal cord
• PNS (Peripheral Nervous system)
• Neural tissue outside CNS
• Afferent division brings sensory information from
  receptors
• Efferent division carries motor commands to
  effectors
• Efferent division includes somatic nervous system
  and autonomic nervous system

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RESPONSE

• Sensory response
• Integrative response
• Association neuron
• Motor response

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HUMAN CNS
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FLOWCHART
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FLOWCHART
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REFLEX ARC
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REFLEX ARC (MULTIPLE CONNECTIONS)
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NEURON CONNECTIONS

• Another Neuron
• Skeletal or Smooth Muscle
• Gland

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Multipolar Neuron
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NEURON ANATOMY

• Neuron
• Cell body (Nissl Bodies)
• Nucleus
• Dendrites
• Axon (Axon hillock, axon collaterals, synaptic
  end bulbs,synaptic vesicles, neurotransmitter)
• Axonal Transport
• Myelin Sheath
• Nodes of Ranvier

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AXONAL TRANSPORT

• neurofilaments
• neurotubules

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CHEMICAL SYNAPSE

• Synaptic Cleft and Space
• Synaptic Vesicles with Neurotransmitter

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CLASSIFICATION OF NEURONS

• STRUCTURE
• Anaxonic
• Bipolar
• Unipolar
• Multipolar

• FUNCTION
• Motor or Efferent
• Association or Interneuron
• Sensory or Afferent

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NEURONS BY STRUCTURE

• Anaxonic
• Bipolar
• Unipolar
• Multipolar

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MULTIPOLAR NEURON
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UNIPOLAR NEURON
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NEURONS BY FUNCTION(Afferent, Efferent,
Interneurons)
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AFFERENT NEURON
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REFLEX ARC
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HISTOLOGICAL NAMES
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NEUROGLIA (supporting cells)

• Astrocyte
• Oligodendrocyte
• Microglia
• Ependymal
• Schwann (nodes
• of Ranvier)
• Satellite

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NEUROGLIA (supporting cells)
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NEUROGLIA-Ependymal Cells
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NEUROGLIA (Schwann Cells)
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NEUROGLIA (Schwann Cells)
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NEUROGLIA (Schwann Cells)
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MYELIN SHEATH Conduction Speed
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WHITE GRAY MATTER
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NERVE TRACTGANGLIONPYRAMIDPEDUNCLE
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NEURON REGENERATION
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NEURON REGENERATION
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NEURON REGENERATION
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OHMS LAWI V / R

• V VOLTAGE
• R RESISTANCE
• I CURRENT

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RESTING MEMBRANE POTENTIAL

• Polarized
• Ion Movement Current
• Ion Channels
• Passive
• Active
• Chemical gate
• Voltage gate

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ION DISTRIBUTION
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HOMEOSTASIS - CHARGE DISTRIBUTION
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RESTING MEMBRANE POTENTIAL
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Na / K PUMP
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ACTION POTENTIAL
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ACTION POTENTIAL

• Threshold
• Depolarization
• Repolarization
• Hyperpolarization
• Absolute refractory period
• Relative refractory

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ACTION POTENTIAL PROPAGATION
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ACTION POTENTIAL
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PROPAGATION

• All or None Principle
• Conduction Velocity
• Continuous conduction
• Saltatory Conduction - Myelin Sheath
• Nerve Diameter (Fibers A,B,C)
• Nerve Length
• Frequency of Stimulus

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SYNAPSE

• 1. Ca
• Release Neurotransmitter
• Attach Open Gates
• Move into cell

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SYNAPTIC CLEFT
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SYNAPTIC CLEFT
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SYNAPSE PHYSIOLOGY

• Presynaptic neuron
• Postsynaptic neuron

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SYNAPSE PHYSIOLOGY

• Electrical synapse
• Chemical synapse

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GRADED POTENTIAL

• EPSE EXCITATORY POST SYNAPTIC POTENTIAL
• IPSP INHIBITORY POST SYNAPTIC POTENTIAL

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EPSP AND IPSP
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EPSP AND IPSP
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SUMMATION
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SUMMATION
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SUMMATION
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SUMMATIONPresynaptic Inhibition or Facilitation

• Spatial
• Temporal
• Facilitation

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NEUROTRANSMITTERS

• Neuroendocrine Cells
• Neuromodulators
• ACh / AchE
• Alzheimer's Disease
• Amino Acids
• Glutamate
• Aspartaste
• GABA
• Glycine
• Biogenic Amines
• NE / E
• DA
• Seratonin

• Histamine
• Neuropeptides
• Enkephalins
• Endorphins
• Dynorphins
• Substance P
• Angiotensin II
• OT
• ADH
• CCK
• Gases
• NO
• CO

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HORMONE CLASSIFICATION
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SUMMATION-Temporal/Spatial
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REMOVAL OF NEUROTRANSMITTER
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DIFFERENCES BETWEEN AP GP

• Action Potentials

• Graded Potentials

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ACTION POTENTIALS
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ACTION POTENTIALS
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GRADED POTENTIALS
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NEUROMODULATION
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FUNCTIONAL ORGANIZATION