Gender and Development

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Gender and Development Practical approaches

• - a presentation by Mona Dahms
• Department of Development and Planning
• Aalborg University

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Overview

• What goes wrong?
• Frameworks for Gender Analysis
• Harvard
• Moser
• Social relations

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Learning Objectives

• After this lecture you should be able to
• recognise the importance of gender analysis for
  project planning, implementation and evaluation,
• list tools for gender analysis as part of
  development interventions.

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Summary of lesson 1

• Gender is a social construction depending upon
  time and culture.
• Therefore, gender roles are neither universal nor
  unchangeable.
• There is a global gender imbalance in favour of
  men.
• It is necessary to include gender planning in
  development interventions

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1. What goes wrong?
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Gender and project planning

• Three levels of gender integration
• Gender blindness gender is not considered,
• Gender neutrality gender is considered and
  equal opportunities are secured,
• Gender planning gender is considered and equity
  impacts are secured.

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Equal Opportunities??
To secure a fair selection you all get the same
exercise You must climb the tree.
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Assumptions??

• (Implicit) assumptions about the household
• The household consists of a nuclear family of
  husband, wife and 2 3 biological children.
• Within the household there is a clear division of
  labour based upon gender. The man is the
  breadwinner and the woman is the mother and
  housewife.
• Womens work is unpaid housework, not crucial to
  the survival of the family

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Further assumptions??

• (Implicit) assumptions about data collection
• All techniques for data collection are equally
  valid for women and for men
• Conventional conceptual categories (ex. work)
  hold the same meaning for all people.
• Also other factors, such as Timing of
  interviews, length of the reference period and
  language, influence data collected.

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Exercise 1 Assumptions??

• How can we as researchers ensure that assumptions
  made are in accordance with the reality
  researched?
• Buzz with your nearest neighbours for a few
  minutes and present your thoughts to the plenary.

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2. Gender Analysis Frameworks

• Source UNDP Gender in Development Programme,
  Learning and Information Pack Gender Analysis

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Gender Analysis Frameworks

• Gender roles framework (Harvard)
• Triple roles framework (Carolyn Moser)
• Web of institutionalisation framework (Caren
  Levy)
• Gender analysis matrix (GAM)
• Equality and empowerment framework (Sara Longwe)
• Capacities and vulnerabilities framework (CVA)
• People oriented planning framework (POP)
• Social relations framework (SRF)
• The multiplicity of frameworks indicates the
  activities but also the frustrations!

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Information provided by GA

• Specific gender disaggregated statistics
• Understanding of gender relations
• Analysis of the gendered impact of sexual
  division of labour
• Needs and interests of both women and men

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Harvard framework - 1

• Three main tools
• 1. The socio-economic activity profile
• who does what, when, where and for how long?

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Tool 1 Activity profile
Activities Women/girls Men/boys
Productive activities Agriculture Income generation Employment Others
Reproductive activities Water Fuel Food Childcare Health Cleaning and repair Market Other
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Harvard framework - 1

• Three main tools
• 1. The socio-economic activity profile
• who does what, when, where and for how long?
• 2. The access and control profile
• who has access to resources (ex. land, equipment,
  capital etc.)?
• who has access to benefits (ex. education, health
  services, political power etc.)?
• who has control over resources and benefits?

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Tool 2 Access and control profile
Access Access Control Control
Women Men Women Men
Resources Land Equipment Labour Cash Education Training Other
Benefits Income Ownership Basic needs Education Political power prestige Other
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Tool 3 Influencing factors

• 3. A list of factors which determine the gender
  differences identified
• Charts the factors (political, economic, cultural
  etc.) which affect the gender differentiations
  identified in the profiles
• Past and present influences
• Opportunities and constraints

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Harvard framework - 2

• Strengths
• Collecting and organising information about
  gender division of labour,
• Making womens work visible
• Distinguishes between access and control
• Useful for projects at micro-level
• A gender-neutral entry point for discussions on
  gender issues

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Harvard framework - 3

• Weaknesses
• Focus on efficiency rather than equity
• Focus on material resources rather than on social
  relations
• Can be carried out in a non-participatory way

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Exercise 2 Bumpy roads

• Use the Harvard framework to analyse the case
  study (Exercise 3 Bumpy roads) handed out.
• Discuss why and how the mixed results were
  achieved.
• Please present your answers to the plenary.

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Moser framework - 1

• Two main tools used
• Gender roles identification - womens triple
  role productive, reproductive, community.
• Gender needs assessment Practical gender needs,
  strategic gender needs.

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Productive work

• Production of goods and services for consumption
  and trade (farming, fishing, employment,
  self-employment)
• Often carried out alongside the reproductive
  work. Womens productive work is often less
  visible and less valued than mens.

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Reproductive work

• Care and maintenance of the household and its
  members (bearing and caring for children, food
  preparation, water and fuel collection, shopping,
  housekeping, family health care)
• Seldom considered real work. Usually unpaid.
• Almost always the responsibility of girls and
  women.

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Community work

• Collective organisation of social events and
  services (ceremonies, celebrations, community
  improvement activities, participation in groups
  and organisations, local political activities
  etc.)
• Involves volunteer time. Normally unpaid.
• Men undertake community work, too but often at
  political level, giving prestige.

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Womens Work
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Practical gender needs

• A response to short-term, immediately perceived
  needs arising from concrete conditions
• Mainly arising from and reinforcing particular
  womens reproductive and productive role
• Do not challenge the subordinate position of
  women
• (Ex. Clean water, health care, housing, food
  provision)
• Womens needs differ from mens needs because of
  their different tasks and responsibilities.

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Strategic gender needs

• Response to long-term needs arising from womens
  subordinate position
• Challenge the nature of the gendered relationship
  between women and men
• Women involved as agents of change
• Lead to a transformation of gender division of
  labour for all women
• (Ex. access to resources (land, credit, etc.),
  measures against male violence, control over own
  body)
• Womens needs differ from mens needs because of
  their different positions in society.

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Moser framework - 2

• Strengths
• Can be used for planning in a variety of settings
• Challenges unequal gender relations
• Supports the empowerment of women
• Recognises institutional and political resistance
  to transforming gender relations
• Needs concept useful for evaluating impact of
  development interventions
• Triple roles concept useful for revealing womens
  work
• Alerts planners to the interrelationship between
  productive, reproductive and community work

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Moser framework - 3

• Weaknesses
• Looks at separate activities rather than
  interrelated activities of women and men
• Other forms of inequality (race, class etc.) not
  addressed
• Strict division between practical and strategic
  needs often unhelpful in practise
• Moser does not include strategic needs of men
  have been included in the Levy framework

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Exercise 3 Moser framework

• Read the case study provided (case study one) and
  discuss it with your nearest neighbours.
• Using the Moser framework identify
• Roles emphasised (intended and in practise),
• Gender needs met (intended and in practise),
• Fill in the accompanying chart
• Please be prepared to present your group results
  to the plenary.

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Social Relations Framework (SRF) - 1

• Five essential concepts
• Development as increasing human well-being
• Social relations
• Institutional analysis
• Institutional gender policies
• Underlying and structural causes

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Concept 1 Development

• Development as increasing human well-being not
  just economic growth.
• Core elements
• Survival
• Security
• Autonomy

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Concept 2 Social relations

• Social relations are understood as the way in
  which different groups of people are positioned
  in relation to material and intangible resources.
  
• SR determine peoples roles, responsibilities,
  claims, rights and control
• SR include gender, class, ethnicity, race etc.
• SR change overtime, influenced by changes at
  macro-level

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Concept 3 Institutional analysis
Key institution Organisational form
State Legal, military, administrative organisations
Market Firms, financial corporations, farming enterprises, multinationals etc.
Community Village tribunals, voluntary associations, informal networks, patron-client relationship, NGOs
Family/kinship Household, extended family, lineage groups etc.
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Concept 3 Institutional analysis

• Five aspects of an institution
• Rules How are things done?
• Activities What is done?
• Resources What is used, what is produced?
• People Who is in, who is out, who does what?
• Power Who decides, whose interests are served?

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Concept 4 Institutional gender policies

• Three categories of gender policies
• Gender- blind
• Gender-aware
• Gender-neutral
• Gender-specific
• Gender-redistributive

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Concept 5 Underlying and structural causes

• Examines
• Immediate, underlying and structural factors
  responsible for problems
• Effects on those involved

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Causes and effects
Effects
Long-term effects
Intermediate effects
Immediate effects
Causes
Immediate causes - 4 levels
Intermediate causes 4 levels
Structural causes 4 levels
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Social Relations Framework (SRF) - 2

• Strengths
• Used at different levels for planning and policy
  development
• Presents a broader picture of poverty
• Focus on structural analysis and processes of
  powerlessness and marginalisation
• Links micro- and macro-level analysis
• Emphasises gender relations and puts gender at
  the core of the analysis

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Social Relations Framework (SRF) - 3

• Weaknesses
• May give an overwhelming impression of large
  institutions
• Overlooks the potential for people to effect
  change
• Women may get subsumed into other social
  categories
• Appear to be complicated

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A word of caution!!

• Gender analysis should not be used as a rigid
  neutral technical tool imposed by outside
  experts !
• Women and men must be accorded an active
  decision-making role in their own development !
• Gender analysis can never replace empathy and
  sensitivity in development work!

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Exercise 3 Mini-case studies

• Read the 4 mini-case studies and discuss the
  following questions
• How does this project affect the workload and/or
  status of women?
• How, if at all, could this project be sustained?
• How, if at all, does this project contribute to
  the equality of women?
• Please feed back your answers to the plenary.

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This was all for today thank you for your
attention it has been a pleasure!