Super Power Rivalry

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Super Power Rivalry

• Origins and Germany

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The Russians
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The Americans
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Truman
Eisenhower
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LBJ (Johnson)
Kennedy
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Nixon
Ford
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Reagan
Carter
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The Issues
Berlin Wall
Cuban Missile Crisis
Czechoslovakia
Berlin Airlift
Hungary
Korea
The Midde East
Arms Race
Domino Theory
Detente
Vietnam
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The end of WW2

• The State of Europe

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Eastern Europe
Western Europe
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Churchill
From Stettin in the Baltic, to Trieste in the
Adriatic, an Iron Curtain has descended across
the continent
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CAREFUL DO NOT CONFUSE THE IRON CURTAIN WITH
THE BERLIN WALL
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Germany
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End of WW2 Germany split into 4 sectors
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Four sections of Berlin

• Intended by Western Occupying Powers only to be a
  temporary measure

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The Blockade
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• The Soviets were afraid that their old allies
  would form a separate German state that could
  threaten them.
• In March 1948, Soviet troops began blocking entry
  into West Berlin.
• people from West Germany could not use certain
  roads and railroads to enter Berlin.
• The strategy was to weaken West Berlin, forcing
  American and West European military forces to
  leave the area.

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Six Nation Accord
Signed June 1
America, Britain, France and the 3 Benelux
countries
Separate currencies abolished Deutsche mark
introduced
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Russian Reaction
New Currency
All access to West Berlin stopped
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What Happened Next?
This is a declaration of hostilities
If you dont create a West German state I wont
block Berlin
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We have the nuclear monopoly there is nothing
USSR can do
We shall fly food and supplies into West Berlin
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The Americans are using the same planes they used
to bomb Japan. I cannot take the risk their
planes do not contain the Bomb.
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Berlin Airlift

• After 11 months the Russian stopped blocking
  Western access to Berlin. The Airlift was over.

This is not over. People in East Berlin will not
have access to the West. I shall prevent them
seeing what is going on in the West even if I
have to build a wall!
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Quotes on Berlin Airlift

• The Soviet Union is compelled to halt all
  traffic to and from Berlin tomorrow at 0600 hours
  because of Technical difficulties The Soviet
  News Agency

When Berlin falls, Western Germany will be next.
If we withdraw our position in Berlin, Europe is
threatened General Clay US commander Berlin
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The American View of the Airlift
When we refused to be forced out of Berlin we
demonstrated to Europe that we would act when
freedom was threatened.
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The Russian view of the Airlift
The crisis was planned in Washington, behind a
smoke screen of anti Soviet propaganda. In 1948
there was the danger of war. The conduct of the
western powers risked bloody incidents. The self
blockade of the western powers hit the west
Berlin population with harshness. The people were
freezing and starving. In the spring of 1949, the
USA was forced to yield their war plans had come
to nothing because of the conduct of the soviet
union
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Ok Focus on what they are both saying
When we refused to be forced out of Berlin we
demonstrated to Europe that we would act when
freedom was threatened
The crisis was planned in Washington, behind a
smoke screen of anti Soviet propaganda. In 1948
there was the danger of war. The conduct of the
western powers risked bloody incidents. The self
blockade of the western powers hit the west
Berlin population with harshness. The people were
freezing and starving. In the spring of 1949, the
USA was forced to yield their war plans had come
to nothing because of the conduct of the Soviet
Union
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Translation

• Both are claiming victory
• Both are blaming each other
• Both are propaganda and very good bits too!

THINK- Why is the Russian bit longer?
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THE BERLIN WALL
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What led to the Wall?
In 1955, Khrushchev lost his temper with the
French foreign minister
We shall never, never, never change our minds
about the German problem. We shall never change
our policy
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After the AIR Lift life returned to normal
Sort of
Berlin was a divided city
Germany was a divided nation
Defectors crossed from East to West never to
return
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(No Transcript)
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The Tension Increases
1958, Khrushchev tries to create a crisis over
Berlin by threatening to hand over Western access
routes into West Berlin to East Germany
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This led to a war of nerves between 1958 - 1961
This is a Khrushchev V Eisenhower showdown
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THE WALL
In May 1961, over 2 million east Germans
defected to West Berlin
This is Embarrassing something has to be done
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EVENTS
On August 13 1961 at 2.20 am 6 trucks roared to
towards the Strelitzer Strasser guard position
Machine guns were aimed at the French sector
The border between the Russian and French sectors
was cordoned off
Two guards approached with coils of barbed wire
At 4.45 am people walking to the stations to
cross from East Berlin to the West were sent back
by East German transport police
17 August barbed wire was replaced by stone
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Measures have been taken in the Interest of peace
in Europe and the security of the GDR (East) and
other socialist states East German Radio 13
August 1961
I am not prepared to risk war over Berlin
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Consequences
Families were forced to live apart
41 were killed crossing the wall in 1961
The wall became a symbol
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Ostpolitik
W. German Chancellor Brandt wanted to establish
better relations with his eastern neighbours
This was welcomed by Brezhnev as a way of
reducing international tension over Berlin and to
persuade the western powers to recognise E Germany
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1971 USSR, USA, GB and Fr signed a Four Power
agreement which made travel between W. Germany
and Berlin easier
December 1972, the two Germanies signed the Basic
Treaty
This meant that they agreed to exchange Permanent
Mission and to maintain friendly relations
E Germany was disappointed. It had hoped to get
full diplomatic recognition
1973, both Germanies joined the UN
By 1978, most major Western Governments had
recognised E. Germany