OPPORTUNITIES

1
OPPORTUNITIES CHALLENGES TO ORGANIC
CERTIFICATION OF AQUATIC ANIMAL FEEDS

• Albert G.J. Tacon Gary D. Pruder
• 
  The
  Oceanic Institute
  Waimanalo, Hawaii
  96795 USA

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Presentation formatImportance of the seafood
market and aquaculture sector within the U.S.,
and recent U.S. food consumption patterns
Organic feed certification issues- farming
systems and feeding options - existing
organic feeds standards - use of wild
aquatic feed resources- use of terrestrial feed
resources- use of feed additives

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U.S. SEAFOOD MARKET
The U.S. is the worlds largest seafood market,
with consumers spending over 49.3 billion for
fishery products in 1998.
4

US TRADE DEFICIT IN SEAFOOD However, although
total U.S. landings from capture fisheries
aquaculture amounted to 5.1 mmt in 1998 and
ranked fourth globally (after China, Japan
India), the U.S. had a trade deficit in edible
and non-edible fishery products of 7.0 billion
in 1999 (the largest of any agricultural
commodity 2nd only to petroleum for any natural
resources products), including 3.1 billion of
edible shrimp imports
5

U.S. EDIBLE SEAFOOD IMPORTS
To satisfy this market, the U.S. imported a
record quantity of edible seafood products in
1999, totaling 1.76 million metric tons or 3.89
billion pounds, valued at 9.0 billion
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US MEAT SEAFOOD CONSUMPTION Pound per
head 1987 1998 Beef 69.6 64.9 Pork 45.6 4
9.2 Chicken 39.4 50.8 Total
seafood 16.2 14.9 Turkey 11.6 14.2 Source
USDA/ERS, USDC/NMFS, 1 lb 453g
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ORGANIC FEED CERTIFICATION ISSUES TO BE
DISCUSSED- farming systems and feeding options

- existing organic feeds standards- use of
wild aquatic feed resources- use of terrestrial
feed resources- use of feed additives

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AQUACULTURE IS SIMILAR TO AGRICULTURE

• Very heterogeneous and biologically diverse
  sector, with total global aquaculture production
  in 1998 coming from over 206 different animal
  plant species, including
• 123 different finfish species
• 39 different mollusc species
• 26 different crustacean species
• 14 different aquatic plant species
• 4 miscellaneous species (frogs, turtles,
  sea-squirts, sea urchins)
• Difficult therefore to simply compare aquaculture
  with livestock production

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TOTAL WORLD AQUACULTURE PRODUCTION IN 1998
TOTAL PRODUCTION BY WEIGHT
TOTAL PRODUCTION BY VALUE
52,458,185,000 US
39,430,834 metric tons
Aquatic plants 10.2
Aquatic plants
Molluscs
21.7
Finfish
16.2
Finfish 55.4
Others 0.6
50.8
23.2
17.6
Molluscs
Crustaceans
Others 0.3
Crustaceans 4.0
Production by weight and value - Finfish
20,045,365 mt and 29,038,829,500 US, Crustaceans
1,564,047 mt and 9,233,731,700 US, Aquatic
plants 8,567,767 mt and 5,377,059,000 US,
Molluscs 9,142,864 mt and 8,478,924,800 US,
Others 110,791 mt and 329,640,400 US Source
FAO (2000)
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IMPORTANCE OF U.S. AQUACULTURE In view of the
high demand for edible seafood, it is perhaps not
surprising that aquaculture has been the fastest
growing segment of U.S. agriculture, suprassing
in value most domestic fruit, vegetable, nut
crops the sector estimated to be worth approx.
1.5 billion, and providing about 300,000 jobs
nationwide
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TOP 15 AQUACULTURE PRODUCERS IN 1998

• 1. China 27.07 mmt (68.6) APR 16.2/12.7
  25.4 billion
• 2. India 2.02 mmt APR 11.2/9.0 2.22
  billion
• 3. Japan 1.29 mmt APR 0.5/-3.7 4.13
  billion
• 4. Philippines 0.95 mmt APR 5.5/-0.3 0.64
  billion
• 5. Indonesia 0.81 mmt APR 7.2/4.7 2.15
  billion
• 6. Korea, REP 0.80 mmt APR 1.2/-23.5 0.77
  billion
• 7. Bangladesh 0.58 mmt APR 12.7/13.9 1.49
  billion
• 8. Thailand 0.57 mmt APR 13.0/3.1 1.81
  billion
• 9. Viet Nam 0.54 mmt APR 12.3/5.7 1.36
  billion
• 10. Korea, DPRP 0.48 mmt APR -2.9/-1.6 0.30
  billion
• 11. USA 0.44 mmt APR 2.4/1.5 0.78 billion
• 12. Norway 0.41 mmt APR 23.6/11.3 1.1
  billion
• 13. Chile 0.36 mmt APR 33.3/-3.6 1.0
  billion
• 14. Spain 0.31 mmt APR 1.8/31.1 0.28
  billion
• 15. France 0.27 mmt APR 2.7/-4.7 0.61
  billion
• Source FAO (2000)

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U.S. AQUACULTURE FOOD FISH PRODUCTION - 1998

• FINFISH (317,455 mt 9 spp)
• Channel catfish 255,990 mt
  Rainbow trout 24,995 mt
  
  Atlantic salmon 14,507 mt
  Tilapias (others) 8,251 mt
  Golden
  shiner 7,434 mt
  Striped bass, hybrid 4,251
  mt Cyprinids
  (others) 2,005 mt
  Chinook salmon 14 mt
  Coho salmon 2 mt
  
  
• CRUSTACEANS (19,424 mt 3 spp)
• Red swamp crawfish 17,212 mt
  Whiteleg shrimp 2,000 mt
  Blue
  crab 212 mt

MOLLUSCS (108,244 mt 11 spp) American cupped
oyster 53,097 mt
Pacific cupped oyster 31,715 mt
Hard clam (N. quahog)
19,943 mt
Japanese carpet shell 1,896
mt Blue
mussel 1,196 mt
Flat oysters
(others) 171 mt
Pacific littleneck clam 91 mt
Shell-loving oyster
20 mt
Butter clam 10 mt
Clams
(others) 3 mt
Cockles (others) 2 mt Total food
fish 445,123 mt live wt. 23 spp. Source FAO
(2000)
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U.S. AQUACULTURE PRODUCTION METHOD USED BY FARM
TYPE Ponds 63 Flow through raceways or tanks
14 Closed re-circulation tanks 7 Prepared
bottoms 7 Cages 3 Net pens 1 Other methods 5
Source USDA 1998 Census of Aquaculture
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Yield (mt/ha/yr)
15-20
1-15
20-100
0-1
100-1000
EXTENSIVE
SEMI-INTENSIVE
No External NutritionalInputs
INTENSIVE
Fertilizer/ Supplementary Feed
FertilizerSupplementary FeedComplete
FeedAeration
Complete FeedRecirculation
Complete FeedRaceway/Cage
INTENSIFICATION OF FARMING SYSTEMS AND FEED
MANAGEMENT OPTIONS
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BASIC FEEDING OPTIONS 1. No feeding - reliant
on natural food 2. Fertilization - increase
natural food 3. Supplementary diet feeding 4.
Complete diet feeding
18

FERTILIZATION OPTIONS USE OF CHEMICAL
FERTILIZERS a) Inorganic bases/salts - Ca, K,
phopshate, ash - nitrate/ammonium b) Organic
bases/salts - Urea
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FERTILIZATION OPTIONS USE OF ORGANIC MANURES a)
Plant manures - crop residues, oilseed cakes b)
Animal manures - feces, dung, urine, animal
byproducts c) Mixed manures - farmyard manure,
compost/ferementation d) Human manures -
nightsoil, sewage, compost/fermentation
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SUPPLEMENTARY DIET FEEDING OPTIONS a)
Non-processed feeds - terrestrial aquatic
plants - invertebrate and vertebrate animals b)
Processed feeds - on-farm prepared feed, either
in the form of single feed items or multiple feed
mixes - off-farm factory prepared feed, either in
the form of local or imported feed mixes
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COMPLETE DIET FEEDING OPTIONS a) Non-processed
feeds - micro-organisms (algae, yeast,
bacteria) - invertebrate vertebrate animals b)
Processed feeds - on-farm prepared feed, either
in the form of single feed items or multiple
processed diet - off-farm factory prepared feed,
either in the form of local or imported processed
diet
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ESTIMATED GLOBAL COMPOUND AQUAFEED PRODUCTION IN
1998
SALMON 1.10 mmt
MARINE SHRIMP 1.74 mmt
TROUT 0.68 mmt
CATFISH 0.63 mmt
MILKFISH 0.26 mmt
TILAPIA 0.72 mmt
EEL 0.27 mmt
MARINE FISH 0.87 mmt
CARP 6.03 mmt
TOTAL ESTIMATED PRODUCTION 12,320,960 MT
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TOTAL FINFISH AQUACULTURE PRODUCTION BY MAJOR
SPECIES GROUPS IN 1998(values expressed as by
weight FAO, 2000)
Total production 20,045,365 metric tons valued
at US 29,038,829,000 in 1998
EELS
CATFISHES
MILKFISH
MARINE FISHES
CYPRINIDS
TILAPIA
SALMONIDS

OTHER FRESHWATER FISHES
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ORGANIC FEED CERTIFICATION ISSUES TO BE
DISCUSSED- farming systems and feeding options

- existing organic feeds standards- use of
wild aquatic feed resources- use of terrestrial
feed resources- use of feed additives

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NATIONAL ORGANIC STANDARDS BOARD (NOSB) ORGANIC
AQUACULTURE STANDARDS (OAS) (3rd draft, Merrigan,
5/18/99)(comments Kapuscinski Brister,
5/25/99)B. FEED1. Feed components derived
from plant materials must be produced in
accordance with USDA organic standards for
livestock feed

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2. For systems which require feed inputs, aquatic
animal protein from either sustainably harvested
wild resources or from processing by-products,
cut-off waste, or other materials from aquatic
organisms may be used. Feed components derived
from terrestrial animals are prohibited. Prohibit
the use of fishmeal in diets of animals that are
not naturally piscivorous. Preventing the
transmission of xenobiotic contaminants and
pathogens from processing by-products and waste
by-products used as feed inputs.

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3. Vitamins, minerals, and enzymes derived from
natural sources may be used as feed
additives.4. No synthetic products may be added
to feed or in any other way delivered to the
aquatic animals unless it has been added to the
National List of Approved Synthetics

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FEDERAL ORGANIC FOODS PRODUCTION ACT OF 1990
6502 Definitions21) Synthetic the term
synthetic means a substance that is formulated
or manufactured by a chemical process or by a
process that chemically changes a substance
extracted from naturally occurring plant, animal,
or mineral sources, except that such term shall
not apply to substances created by naturally
occurring biological processes.

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NATIONAL LIST OF ALLOWED PROHIBITED
SUBSTANCES 205.603 Synthetic substances
allowed for use in organic livestock
production.Any substance in the following
categories may be used in organic livestock
production in accordance with any restrictions
specified in this section and 205.102 and
205.236 through 205.239.

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(d) As feed additives(1) Trace Minerals,
including(i) Copper Sulfate (ii) Magnesium
Sulfate (2) Vitamins - accepted for enrichment
or fortification, limited to those approved by
the FDA for livestock use(e) As fillers and
excipients(f)-(z) Reserved

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205.605 Nonagricultural (nonorganic)
substances allowed as ingredients in or on
processed products labeled as "organic" or "made
with organic (specified ingredients)."The
following nonagricultural substances may be used
only in accordance with any restrictions
specified in this section and 205.102,
205.270, and 205.300 through 205.310.

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(a) Nonsynthetics allowed(1) Agar-agar (2)
Acids (i) Alginic(ii) Citric - produced by
microbial fermentation of carbohydrate
substances(iii) Lactic (3) Baking Powder -
aluminum-free(4) Bentonite(5) Calcium
Carbonate(6) Calcium Chloride(7)
Carrageenan(8) Cornstarch (Native)(9) Dairy
Cultures - non-EM

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(10) Diatomaceous Earth - food filtering aid
only(11) Enzymes - must be derived from edible,
nontoxic plants, nonpathogenic fungi, or
nonpathogenic bacteria(12) Gums - Water
extracted only (arabic, guar, locust bean, carob
bean)(13) Kaolin(14) Kelp - for use only as a
thickener and dietary supplement(15) Lecithin -
unbleached(16) Nitrogen - Oil-free grades(17)
Oxygen - Oil-free grades(18) Pectin
(high-methoxy)

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(19) Perlite - for use only as a filter aid in
food processing(20) Potassium Chloride(21)
Potassium Iodide(22) Sodium Bicarbonate(23)
Sodium Carbonate(24) Yeast - Nonsynthetic,
non-EM(i) Autolysate(ii) Bakers(iii)
Brewers(iv) Nutritional (v) Smoked - growth on
petrochemical substrate and sulfite waste liquor
prohibited. Nonsynthetic smoke flavoring process
must be documented

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(b) Synthetics allowed(1) Alginates(2)
Ammonium Bicarbonate - for use only as a
leavening agent(3) Ammonium Carbonate - for use
only as a leavening agent(4) Ascorbic Acid(5)
Calcium Citrate(6) Calcium Hydroxide(7) Calcium
Phosphates (monobasic and dibasic)(8) Carbon
Dioxide

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(9) Chlorine Materials - disinfecting and
sanitizing food contact surfaces, Except, That,
residual chlorine levels in the water shall not
exceed the maximum residual disinfectant limit
under the Safe Drinking Water Act.(i) Calcium
Hypochlorite(ii) Chlorine Dioxide(iii) Sodium
Hypochlorite(10) Ethylene - allowed for post
harvest ripening of tropical fruit(11) Ferrous
Sulfate - for iron enrichment or fortification of
foods when required by regulation or recommended
(independent organization)(12) Glycerides (mono
and di) - for use only in drum drying of food

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(13) Glycerin - produced by hydrolysis of fats
and oils(14) Hydrogen peroxide(15) Lecithin -
bleached (16) Magnesium Carbonate - for use only
in agricultural products labeled "made with
organic (specified ingredients)," prohibited in
agricultural products labeled "organic"(17)
Magnesium Chloride - derived from sea water(18)
Magnesium Stearate - for use only in agricultural
products labeled "made with organic (specified
ingredients)," prohibited in agricultural
products labeled "organic"(19) Magnesium Sulfate

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(20) Nutrient vitamins and minerals, in
accordance with 21 CFR 104.20, Nutritional
Quality Guidelines For Foods(21) Ozone(22)
Pectin (low-methoxy)(23) Phosphoric Acid -
cleaning of food-contact surfaces and equipment
only(24) Potassium Acid Tartrate(25) Potassium
Tartrate made from Tartaric acid(26) Potassium
Carbonate(27) Potassium Citrate(28) Potassium
Hydroxide - prohibited for use in lye peeling of
fruits and vegetables

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(29) Potassium Iodide - for use only in
agricultural products labeled "made with organic
(specified ingredients)," prohibited in
agricultural products labeled "organic"(30)
Potassium Phosphate - for use only in
agricultural products labeled "made with organic
(specific ingredients)," prohibited in
agricultural products labeled "organic"(31)
Silicon Dioxide(32) Sodium Citrate

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(33) Sodium Hydroxide - prohibited for use in lye
peeling of fruits and vegetables(34) Sodium
Phosphates - for use only in dairy foods(35)
Tocopherols - derived from vegetable oil when
rosemary extracts are not a suitable
alternative(36) Xanthan gum(c)-(z) Reserved

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SOIL ASSOCIATION ORGANIC MARKETING COMPANY LTD.
AQUACULTURE STANDARDS (5th draft - May 1997)
..these standards for farmed fish refer
principally to salmonids...DIET AND
NUTRITION6.630 - A minimum of 80 of the daily
diet (calculated on a dry matter basis) must be
organically produced and/or have originated from
wild marine fish. The balance may come from
non-organic sources as specified in Section 5.618
and may include natural binders and natural
colourants.

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6.631 Permitted1) Fishmeal and fish oil -
only as by-products of fishing industries which
use sustainable fishing methods in unpolluted
waters2) Astaxanthin contained in krill or
yeast

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6.632 Prohibited1) Fishmeal from dedicated
fishmeal harvesting and manufacturing
operations2) Artificial, synthetic or nature
identical colours (including Astaxanthin and
Canthaxanthin), binders and additives3) growth
regulators, antibiotics, antioxidants and
appetite stimulants

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INTERNATIONAL FEDERATION OF ORGANIC AGRICULTURE
MOVEMENTS (IFOAM) Basic standards (internal
letter dated 72 - march 2000) 6. AQUACULTURE
PRODUCTION - Draft Standard6.8
NUTRITIONGeneral principles - diets for
aquaculture production must be balanced according
to the nutritional needs of the organisms, and be
of good quality. Diets should be offered to the
organisms in a way that allows natural feeding
behaviour, with minimum loss of feed to the
environment.

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Organically certified by-products and wild
marine feed resources otherwise not directly
suited for human consumption, should be used as
feed ingredients. Recommendation - Feeding and
feeding regimes should be organised to give best
possible growth on least possible input.
Nutrient management should contribute to
maintain the biological diversity in the area.

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Standards 6.8.1Aquafeeds shall generally
contain 100 certified organic components, or
wild aquatic feed resources. When wild fish are
used, the Code of Conduct for responsible
Fisheries' (FAO, 1995) shall be followed. When
certified organic components or wild marine feed
resources are not available, the certification
body/standardising organisation may allow a
maximum 5 of the feed (by dry weight) to be of
conventional origin.

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Standards 6.8.2In systems which require
feed inputs, at least 50 of the aquatic animal
protein in a diet shall come from by-products,
cutoff/waste and/or other material not used for
human consumption

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Standards 6.8.3In cases of unforeseen
severe natural events, the certification
body/standardising organisation may grant
exceptions from the percentages mentioned in
6.8.1 and 6.8.2, with specific time limits and
conditions

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Standards 6.8.4Plant and/or animal sources
shall form the basis of feeding and
fertilisation. The certification
body/standardising organisation may grant the use
of mineral supplements, provided they are applied
in their natural composition.

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Standards 6.8.5The following products shall
not be included in, nor added to the feed or in
any other way be given to the organisms-
Synthetic growth promoters stimulants-
Synthetic appetisers- Synthetic antioxidants and
preservatives- Artificial coloring agents-
Urea- Material from the same species to be fed-
Feedstuffs subjected to solvent (e.g. hexane)
extraction

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- Pure amino acids- Genetically engineered
organisms or products thereofStandards
6.8.6Vitamins, trace elements and supplements
shall be used from natural origin when available.
The certification body/ standardising
organisation shall define conditions for use of
substances from synthesised or unnatural sources.

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Standards 6.8.7Feed preservatives such as the
following may be used- Bacteria, fungi and
enzymes- By-products from the food industry
(e.g. molasses)- Plant based productsSynthetic
chemical feed preservatives may be allowed in
case of special weather conditions. The
certification body/ standardising organisation
shall specify conditions.

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KRAV 1999 STANDARDS (adopted 10/21/98)7.
FARMING OF SALMON, TROUT, ARCTIC CHAR BROWN
TROUT7.5 FEED AND FEEDING7.5.1 - 95 of the
feed (measured as dry matter) shall be of KRAV
certified origin and/or originate from wild fish.
As of the year 2001 at least 50 of the protein
in the feed shall be by-products/waste from
fishing.

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7.5.2 - Wet feeding is not allowed. 7.5.3 -
The following products may not be added to the
feed- Synthetic antioxidants- Growth
regulators- Genetically modified organisms as
feed or used in the production of feed, feed
supplements or feed preservatives- Synthetic
colorants (natural colorants from shrimp shell or
funi culture may be used)

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7.5.4 - Minerals and vitamins may be added and
shall if possible be of natural origin. 7.5.5
- The production manager shall keep records over
the kinds and quantities of feed used in the
different units. 7.5.6 - The production manager
shall be able to demonstrate analysis reports of
the content of heavy metals in the feed.

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NATIONAL ORGANIC STANDARDS BOARD (NOSB) ORGANIC
AQUACULTURE STANDARDS (OAS) (3rd draft, Merrigan,
5/18/99)Discussion the purpose of aquaculture
certification should be identical to that for all
other types of organic operations to recognize
management systems which rely upon natural cycles
and materials to the extent possible to address
the nutritional, health maintenance, and
environmental challenges of production.

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In general, the livestock production systems
best suited for certification are those which
mimic the natural life cycle of the animal.
Responsible nutrient cycling, respect for natural
nutritional and mobility requirements, and a
holistic approach to disease and pet supression
are characteristic of balanced, sustainable
systems which merit designation as organic.

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Fishmeal and fish oil in aquacultureThe NOSB
must determine the appropriate role of fishmeal
and fish oil in the diet of confined fish. ...the
draft standards take the position that fishmeal
and fish oil from caught fish and processing
by-products are allowable, and they do not
attempt to establish minimum or maximum
percentages in the diet for either source.

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There are legitimate ecological and ethical
questions associated with converting wild fish
populations into aquaculture food. However, there
is too little information available to take a
more restrictive approach at this time.
carnivorous and omnivorous species require fish
protein for optimum health, and there is
insufficient evidence that either wild caught
fish or processing by-products cannot sustainably
meet this need.

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UNRESOLVED ISSUES IN ORGANIC AQUACULTURE
STANDARDS - Briefing paper for the NOSB Livestock
Committee. May 26, 1999.The use of fishmeal and
fish oil as a feed source- can a product derived
from wild caught animals be certified?- how can
the NOSB address the ecological concerns
associated with extracting fish meal and fish oil
from wild fish populations?

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- is it appropriate to designate a maximum
percentage contribution to the overall diet which
fish feeds may contribute?- can feed
supplements from terrestrial mammalian
by-products be used in aquaculture?

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ORGANIC FEED CERTIFICATION ISSUES TO BE
DISCUSSED- farming systems and feeding options

- existing organic feeds standards- use of
wild aquatic feed resources- use of terrestrial
feed resources- use of feed additives

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Total fish shellfish production, food fish
supply and per caput food fish supply in live
weight
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DISPOSITION OF THE CATCH - 1998

• Although total production of finfish and
  shellfish from capture fisheries amounted to
  86.316 mmt in 1998, only 62.446 mmt (live weight
  equivalent) or 72.3 was available for direct
  human consumption as food fish, the remainder
  (23.87 mmt or 27.7) used as animal feed.

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WORLD PRODUCTION OF FISHMEAL, FISH OIL, SOYBEAN
MEAL SOYBEAN OIL 1961 to 1999
1998 PRODUCTION FISHMEAL 5,304,163 mt Major
producers Peru
15.9, China 13.1, Chile 12.2, Denmark 7.6,
Thailand 7.3, Japan 7.1, Norway 6.0, USA 5.5,
Iceland 4.3, Canada 3.5 Production change since
1997 -18.6 FISH OIL 834,871 mt Major
producers Denmark
16.3, Peru 14.7, Chile 12.8, USA 12.1, Norway
11.3, Iceland 10.8, Japan 7.0, Spain 2.4,
Morocco 1.8, S. Africa 0.9 Production change
since 1997 -31.4 Source FAOSTAT FISHSTAT
databases (June, 2000)
Million metric tons (mmt)
Total soybean meal production in 1999 99.69 mmt
Total soybean oil production in 1999 22.97 mmt
1961
1999
1980
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World Oil Meal ProductionMillion metric tonnes
99.8
Source Oilworld Statistics, 1998
19.0
15.6
13.9
10.3
6.2
4.7
3.2
2.6
2.0
1.3
0.9
SBM
RSM
CSM
CGF
SFM
PNM
FSM
CGM
PKM
CPR
LSM
SSM
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• ESTIMATED GLOBAL AQUAFEED PRODUCTION, AND
  FISHMEAL AND FISH OIL USAGE
• TOTAL GLOBAL 1998 1999 2000
• Total aquafeed used (mt) 12,320,960 13,339,132 14,
  627,695
• IFOMA (Pike Barlow, 2000) 13,098,000
• Total fish meal used (mt) 2,256,232 2,207,381 2,19
  3,320
• IFOMA (Pike Barlow, 2000) 2,115,000
• Total fish oil used (mt) 648,748 607,623 590,512
• IFOMA (Pike Barlow, 2000) 708,000
• Total fishmeal and fish oil production in 1998
  was 5,304,163 mt and 834,871 mt (FAO, 2000), of
  which aquaculture would have consumed 42.5 and
  77.7, respectively.

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• ESTIMATED FISHMEAL CONSUMPTION BY MAJOR SPECIES
  GROUP (mt)
• 1998 1999 2000
• Marine shrimp 486,546 486,546 483,364
• Salmon 485,665 456,305 460,650
• Marine finfish 419,901 458,455 499,007
• Feeding carp 362,075 335,178 297,638
• Trout 219,414 185,404 165,275
• Eel 133,528 155,783 178,038
• Tilapia 71,985 63,736 52,766
• Catfish 50,550 37,649 26,468
• Milkfish 26,568 28,325 30,114
• Note usage decreasing with time

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• ESTIMATED FISH OIL CONSUMPTION BY MAJOR SPECIES
  GROUP (mt)
• 1998 1999 2000
• Salmon 264,908 239,017 230,325
• Trout 123,420 105,945 96,410
• Marine finfish 122,471 119,597 113,411
• Feeding carp 60,346 67,036 74,409
• Marine shrimp 34,753 37,427 40,280
• Eel 21,364 18,694 14,243
• Tilapia 7,198 7,967 8,794
• Catfish 6,318 6,275 6,617
• Milkfish 7,970 5,665 6,023
• Note usage decreasing with time

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ORGANIC FEED CERTIFICATION ISSUES TO BE
DISCUSSED- farming systems and feeding options

- existing organic feeds standards- use of
wild aquatic feed resources- use of terrestrial
feed resources- use of feed additives

72

• TERRESTRIAL ANIMAL BY-PRODUCT MEALS
• Fats - industrial tallows, edible beef tallow,
  lard, yellow grease, feed grade fats
• Animal protein meals - meat and bone meal, meat
  meal, hydrolyzed feather meal, poultry by-product
  meal, blood meal, and specialised protein blends.
  
• Other miscellaneous products which could also be
  considered here include specific organ meals,
  such as liver meal and lung meals, chick hatchery
  waste, bone meal, hide fleshing meals,
  blood/rumen contents meals.

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These nutrient rich animal by-products (ca. 18-25
mmt) far exceeds that of fishmeal and fish oils
(5-7 mmt) by a factor of three and represent the
largest source of animal proteins lipids
available to the animal and aquafeed compounding
industry. The aquaculture sector must be seen
and viewed as the recycler of valuable nutrients
- would also help to relieve the pressure on
fishery resources
74

In conclusion this paper proposes - the
controlled use of natural (i.e. wild) non-food
grade aquatic resources (from sustainably managed
fisheries), organically produced naturally
occurring micro-organisms (including algae,
yeasts, bacteria, phytoplankton and/or
zooplankton), and organically produced
terrestrial feed resources (including fertilizers
and plant ingredients) within organic aquafeeds
for use within biosecure closed organic farming
systems.
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These organic farming systems should be based,
wherever possible, upon - the use of natural
micro-organisms for the maintenance of ecosystem
health and stability, - the polyculture of
different animal and plant species (with
complementary feeding habits), - the promotion
of nutrient fixation and nutrient recycling
within the culture system, - and water reuse.
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MAHALO ALOHA