Enzymes

1
Enzymes

• The CONTROLLERS of Energy Transformations

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2
Remember Metabolism

• The capacity to acquire use energy to ensure
  survival.
• Cellular activities, Maintenance, Growth
• Building Accumulating
• Breaking Apart Eliminating
• Involves
• ENERGY
• CHEMICAL REACTIONS

3
Enyzmes

• Proteins that catalyze chemical reactions
• Speed up reactions (Catalysts).
• Do not become part of the products.
• Enzymes act on substrates (the specific reactants
  for a chemical reaction)
• Enzymes are substrate-specific.
• There are many many enzymes!

4
Enyzmes

• Active Site a region (or regions) where the
  substrate(s) fit.

5
Enyzmes

• Induced-fit model of enzyme activity.
• Enzyme induces the fit of substrates by bringing
  them into closer proximity orientation.

6
Enyzmes

• Enzymes lower the Activation Energy for a
  particular chemical reaction.

7
Enyzmes

• Enzymes function best within certain Temperature
  pH ranges.

8
Control of Enzymes

• Cofactors (non-protein portions of an enzyme)
• Metal ions (Fe)
• Coenzymes (large organic cofactors)
• Vitamins
• NAD NADH
• Allow proper enzyme conformation, turning them
  ON.

9
Control of Enzymes

• Inhibitors (molecules that attach to enzymes,
  turning them OFF)
• Competitive Inhibitors
• Active Site inhibitors (blockers)
• Non-competitive Inhibitors
• Allosteric inhibitors
• Feedback Inhibition
• The product of a metabolic pathway inhibits an
  enzymes responsible for catalyzing a reaction
  earlier in the pathway.