Transformation for Stabilization and Transition Operations

1
Transformation for Stabilization and Transition
Operations

• Dr. Stuart Johnson
• National Defense University

2
An Emerging Focus for Force Transformation

• Stability operations are a core U.S. military
  missionThey shall be given priority comparable
  to combat operations and incorporated into all
  phases of planning.
• DoD Directive 3000.05, 28 November 2005

3
An Emerging Focus for Force Transformation

• U.S. and allies have largely mastered
  high-intensity, fast paced, combat operations
• The new focus transform to develop a similar
  competence in stabilization and reconstruction
  operations

4
SECDEF Directive 3000.05

• Stability operations to be accorded priority
  comparable to combat operations and incorporated
  into all phases of planning
• Combatant Commanders to devote more resources to
  and include post-conflict operations in their war
  plans
• Training to emphasize foreign language and
  regional cultural expertise
• Development of near term technologies to
  identify, track and locate potential enemies and
  threats
• Coordinate with and support other US Departments
  and Agencies to be prepared to bring the full
  spectrum of expertise to the operation

5
A Continuing Focus on SR

• SECDEF has created eight panels to examine key
  QDR Implementation Studies on key initiatives.
  Three focus on Stabilization and Reconstruction
  operations.
• Building Partnership Capacity expand interagency
  competence
• Irregular Warfare examine ways to implement
  Directive 3000.05 in addition to studying
  long-term guerilla war
• Locate, Tag, and Track lay groundwork for
  technologies to identify and track enemy
  combatants that mingle with civilian populations

6
The Changing Nature of Combat

• What Has Changed?
• The target set that leads to victory has changed
• Far fewer aircraft sorties or missile launches
  are required to destroy a target
• Major combat operations are becoming shorter and
  shorter
• The number of casualties in major combat
  operations has fallen sharply
• Stabilization and transition operations have
  required steadily growing effort

7
Enemy Aircraft Destroyed
8
Aircraft Sorties to Destroy a Fixed Target
9
Improved Accuracy

• World War II 1,000 meters
• Vietnam 120 meters
• Desert Storm (Laser Guidance) 3 meters
• Kosovo (GPS Guidance) 3 meters
• Operation Iraqi Freedom lt3 meters

10
Major Combat Operations Have Gotten Shorter
11
U.S. Casualties in Major Combat Operations Have
Dropped Sharply
12
U.S. Casualties Afghanistan
Not Returned to Duty
13
U.S. CasualtiesIraq
Not Returned to Duty
14
The Stabilization and Reconstruction Gap Figure
1
15
The Stabilization and Reconstruction Gap Figure
2
16
Stabilization and Reconstruction Gap Figure 3
17
An Organization for Stabilization
andReconstruction Operations
SR JCOM
X
Joint SR GRP
II
MP
II
CA
II
ISR
ENG
II
MED
II
PSYOP
18
Availability of Forces(Proposed vs. On-Hand)
Proposed SR JCOM Army On-Hand
(above divisions)   Bns (ACRC)
ACRC Bns Military Police 8
121426 Civil Affairs 8
12829 Construction Engineers 8
73340 Area Medical 8
4610 Psychological Operations
8 5813 Training/Security Assist.
2 000
19
Availability of Regional and Linguistics Skills
Army Foreign Area Officers by regional specialty
are Latin America 189 Europe 195 South
Asia 35 Eurasia 184 China 41 North
Africa/Middle East 140 Northeast Asia
71 Southeast Asia 64 Sub-Saharan Africa - 83
20
Availability of Forces(Adjustments)

• Rebalance AC/RC
• Civil Affairs units shifting from Reserves to
  Active Forces
• Air Defense, Artillery units being swapped into
  reserves
• Reorganized Existing Forces
• Intelligence ISR battalion with cultural focus
• More FAOs for Greater Middle East
• Ordnance Multi-Service EOD battalion
• New Capabilities
• SR JCOM HQ and Joint SR Group HQ
• Training Security Assistance Battalion
• Establish a Civilian Ready Reserve in special
  skill sets

21
Adapting the Military Culture(Required skill
sets for SR)

• Skills already developed in professional military
  training and education
• Warfighting skills in case conflict escalates
• Courage to take risks
• Confidence to delegate authority
• Decision-making skills
• Ability to adapt or adjust to new environments
• Skills that need more attention
• Vision of politico-military environment
• Ability to interact with nonmilitary partners
  build consensus
• Negotiating skills
• Understanding of historical/cultural contexts

22
Technologies For SR Operations are Receiving
Priority Funding

• Security
• IED detection and neutralization
• Network counter-terrorist analysis tools
• Biometrics
• Non-lethal weapons
• Human Relations
• Mobile, real-time machine language translators
• Network-based tools for distributed training in
• Language
• Culture
• Mission essentials

23
Leverage Law Enforcement Technologies for
Stabilization Operations

• Many of the tactical level urban operations
  currently conducted in Iraq today closely
  resemble police work
• Challenge timely development and dissemination
  of actionable intelligence
• US big city police forces are leveraging
  information technology to develop actionable
  intelligence against gangs, drug cartels, and
  other organized crime networks
• SR Application
• Develop databases using biometric information
  (high-resolution hand, facial, and/or retinal
  scans) and other information (vehicle tags)
• Allow networked tactical units to rapidly pull
  this information

24
Back Up
25
An Organization for Stabilization
andReconstruction Operations
XX
SR JCOM
Civil-Military Action Cell (C-MAC)
HQ Special Staff
WMD SSE TM
X
X
X
X
X
X
II
Joint SR GRP
Joint SR GRP
Joint SR GRP
Joint SR GRP
AREA
TRNG
TCF
SUPP GP
SEC ASST
II
II
II
II
II
II
II
AREA
CS AVN
MP
MP
MP
MP
STYKR
SUPP BN
II
II
II
II
II
COMM
CA
CA
CA
CA
II
II
(Digital Bridge)
ARTY
TRANS
II
II
II
II
II
ENG
ENG
ENG
ENG
I
ISR
II
Mortuary
ATK
II
II
II
II
II
I
HELO
MED
MED
MED
MED
MED
Chem/Bio
TRUCK
II
II
II
II
II
II
II
DS BN
PSYOP
PSYOP
PSYOP
PSYOP
SF
EOD
(OPCON)
26
NATO Stabilization Reconstruction Force

• Taken together, Allies have considerable
  experience and manpower for SR operations
• But, ready and deployable European capabilities
  are stretched thin
• Organizing for the Balkans and Afghanistan was ad
  hoc
• NATO needs to identify SR assets and develop
  ways to better plan, organize and exercise for
  these missions
• Capable partners should be involved

27
A New Military Framework for NATO
? Create Strategic Concept ? Revitalize
US-European Dialogue
US
NATO
EU
Expeditionary Forces
Forward Deployed
US forward forces exercise for transformation
Coordinate NRF and Battle Groups
European Rapid Reaction Force
Battle Groups
Other High Readiness Forces
Spec Ops Response Force
Constabulary Forces
SR Force
SR Capability