Chapter 6 Forging the New Republic

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Chapter 6 Forging the New Republic
Section Notes
Video
Forging the New Republic
Washington Becomes President Challenges of the
1790s Jeffersons Presidency The War of 1812
Maps
Northwest Territory Battles The Louisiana
Purchase Lewis and Clarks Journey to the
Pacific The War of 1812
Quick Facts
The Cabinet, 1789 to Today Hamiltons Economic
Plan Reactions to the XYZ Affair The Election of
1800 Power Changes Hands Causes and Effects of
the War of 1812 Visual Summary Forging the New
Republic
Images
The Presidents Cabinet Washington Reviewing the
Western Army at Fort Cumberland, Maryland The
Election of 1800 Political Cartoon Alien and
Sedition Acts
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Washington Becomes President

• Main Idea
• President Washington and other leaders tried to
  solve the new nations economic problems. This
  led to the rise of political parties.
• Reading Focus
• What steps did Congress and the president take to
  organize the new government?
• What was Alexander Hamiltons plan to settle the
  nations debts?
• What was the debate over the national bank?
• How did the first political parties form?

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Organizing the Government

• February 1789Washington was elected president
  John Adams became vice president.
• Congress created the first executive department
  state, treasury, and war. The department leaders
  became known as the presidents cabinet.

• Secretary of State Thomas Jefferson
• Secretary of Treasury Alexander Hamilton
• Secretary of War Henry Knox

• Federalists led by Hamilton, wanted a strong
  central government
• Jeffersonian Republicans led by Jefferson and
  Madison, wanted a smaller central government,
  more rural than urban, with powerful states

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Organizing the Government

• The first Congress
• Only 10 states had joined the government
  presided over by Vice President Adams
• Sent proposed amendments to the states (Bill of
  Rights)
• The Judiciary Act of 1789 organized the judicial
  branch. It had a six-person Supreme Court with
  one chief justice and five associates.
• John Jay named as first chief justice

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Settling the Nations Debts

• Hamiltons Plan to Pay Debt
• Federal government should take on all the debt
  from the war
• Find ways to bring revenue to government
• Establish national bank to control credit and
  make loans to government

• New taxes
• Tariff of 1789 taxed imported goods
• Excise tax, 1791, taxed the production or sale of
  liquor, sugar, snuff, and carriages

• Hamilton compromised with Jefferson and James
  Madison, who led the opposition to his economic
  plan.
• The capital would be moved to the South by 1800.
  In return, the southerners would allow Hamiltons
  debt bill to pass.
• Washington chose the area Pierre LEnfant
  planned the city.

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Debating a National Bank

• Most controversial part of Hamiltons plan was
  the national bank
• Two views of the Constitution
• Strict construction the government should do
  only what the Constitution specifically states it
  can do
• Loose construction the government can take
  reasonable actions that are not outlined in the
  Constitutionas long as those actions are not
  specifically prohibited.
• Hamilton pointed to the necessary and proper
  clause of the Constitution when he proposed a
  national bank.
• That was a prime example of loose construction.

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Debating a National Bank

• Jefferson was only lukewarm to the Constitution
  in its final form.
• He favored a smaller national government.
• A strict constructionist, he felt that Hamiltons
  interpretation of the necessary and proper
  clause was going beyond the powers that the
  Constitution specifically allowed.
• Jefferson opposed a national bank.
• Congress passed the bill, and Washington signed
  it to charter the first Bank of the United States
  in February 1791.

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First Political Parties Form

• The excise tax led to a violent clash between
  supporters and opponents of strong government.

• Settlers in the western frontier felt their
  interests were ignored by the government.
• In 1794 farmers on the western Pennsylvania
  frontier objected to the excise tax on whiskey.
  Their livelihoods depended on turning surplus
  grain into rye whiskey.

• Uprising known as the Whiskey Rebellion
• Farmers attacked tax collectors and burned barns
  of people who gave away the locations of their
  whiskey stills.

• A crowd of more than 2,000 angry farmers
  threatened Pittsburgh.
• There was talk of setting up an independent
  nation.

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First Political Parties Form

• After the farmers ignored Washingtons orders to
  stop the rebellion, Washington and Hamilton led a
  force of some 13,000 or more men into
  Pennsylvania.

• The farmers scattered in all directions instead
  of resisting the militia.
• They were caught and arrested two were convicted
  of treason, but Washington eventually pardoned
  them.

• Federalists established local associations, gave
  political offices and other favors to their
  supporters.
• Jeffersonian Republicans influenced elections in
  various states by working together.
• A two-party system was on its way.
• Jeffersonian Republicans became Democratic
  Republicans.

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Challenges of the 1790s

• Main Idea
• The United States faced many challenges during
  the 1790s. It tried to remain neutral in European
  wars while dealing with conflicts with Native
  Americans in the Northwest Territory.
• Reading Focus
• Why did Washington want to remain neutral in
  response to events in Europe?
• What conflicts took place in the Northwest
  Territory?
• What challenges did John Adams face as president,
  and what was the XYZ Affair?

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Remaining Neutral

• In 1789 the French monarchy was overthrown.
  Austria, Prussia, Great Britain, and Spain
  declared war on the new French government.
• Democratic-Republicans feared that if the French
  Revolution failed, republican governments
  everywhere would fail.
• Federalists had respect for French monarchy.

• France and Britain tried to draw the United
  States into their war and force it to take sides.
• Washington wanted to remain neutral. He issued
  the Neutrality Proclamation in April 1793.
• Edmund Genet, the new French ambassador to the
  United States, enlisted an American crew to fight
  on a French ship against the British.
• Washington demanded that Genet be replaced.

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Remaining Neutral

• In early 1794 the British began seizing American
  merchant ships.
• British claimed the ships carried French goods or
  were sailing to a French port.
• American sailors were thrown into British
  prisons.
• The British were stirring up trouble among the
  Native Americans in the Northwest Territory.

• John Jay negotiated Jays Treaty with the
  British.
• British would pay for damages to American ships.
• British would leave their forts in the Northwest
  Territory.
• The United States would pay debts owed to
  Britain.
• Thomas Pinckney negotiated Pinckneys Treaty with
  Spain and settled many border disputes between
  the United States and Spain.

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Conflicts in the Northwest Territory

• In 1790s violence broke out when Native American
  nations resisted white settlement.
• Little Turtle led Miamis, Shawnees, and Delawares
  against St. Clairs army and won.
• American army returned in force and built forts
  and brought in supplies.

• Battle of Fallen Timbers in 1794 American forces
  won over the Miamis
• Treaty of Greenville the Miamis gave up large
  territories in Ohio and parts of Indiana,
  Illinois, and Michigan
• The treaty also recognized the Miamis claim to
  the land they still had.

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President Adams and the XYZ Affair

• Presidential election of 1796
• Washington retired after two terms.
• Thomas Jefferson was the Democratic-Republican
  candidate.
• John Adams was the Federalist candidate.

• Though Adams became president, he did not have
  the full support of the presidential electors.
• Because of sectionalism, the southern Federalists
  preferred his running mate, Thomas Pinckney of
  South Carolina.

• Thomas Jefferson came in second with 68 votes to
  Adamss 71 votes.
• Jefferson became vice president.

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President Adams and the XYZ Affair

• XYZ Affair
• France had attacked American merchant ships.
• French agents (referred to as X, Y, and Z)
  demanded bribes of the American diplomats who
  went to France to negotiate an end to the ship
  seizure.

• As a result, Congress
• Cut off trade with France
• Canceled wartime treaties it had made with France
• Authorized building warships
• Allowed the U.S. navy to capture French vessels
  at sea

The XYZ Affair brought a general resentment of
foreigners, which led to passage of the Alien and
Sedition Acts.
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President Adams and the XYZ Affair

• Alien Acts three laws that allowed the president
  to order foreigners considered to be a threat to
  national security to be jailed or deported.
• Targeted French and Irish refugees, most of whom
  supported the French
• Increased the period of residency required for
  citizenship from 5 years to 14
• Required foreigners to register with the
  government
• Allowed the president to jail or expel any
  foreigner thought to be dangerous to the peace
  and safety of the country

• The Sedition Act outlawed any opposition to
  government policies by actions or by false,
  scandalous, or malicious writing.
• Targeted the Democratic-Republicans, who
  historically supported the French

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President Adams and the XYZ Affair

• Nine Democratic-Republican newspaper editors and
  a member of Congress were convicted under the
  Sedition Act.

• Jefferson and Madison drafted the Virginia and
  Kentucky Resolutions, where they argued that the
  Alien and Sedition Acts were unconstitutional.
• They hoped states would nullify the laws.
• Only Virginia and Kentucky passed the resolutions.

• In the end, there was a deeper and more bitter
  political divide in Congress and the country.

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Jeffersons Presidency

• Main Idea
• The rise of political parties influenced the
  election of 1800, bringing Thomas Jefferson and a
  new outlook to the presidency.
• Reading Focus
• Why was the transfer of power in the election of
  1800 significant?
• What changes did Jefferson make when he took
  office?
• What was the impact of the Louisiana Purchase?
• How did the role of the Supreme Court change?

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The Election of 1800

• This contest marked the first time that power
  passed from one American political party to
  another.
• Democratic-Republican Thomas Jefferson against
  Federalist John Adams

• The campaign was vicious.
• Supporters of each side made their arguments in
  letters and newspaper editorials, which often
  made wild accusations and spread scandalous
  stories.

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The Election of 1800

• Federalists claimed that
• Jefferson was dangerously pro-French.
• Jefferson wanted to destroy organized religion
  because of his interest in science and philosophy.

• Democratic-Republicans claimed that
• Adams wanted to crown himself king.
• The Federalists would try to limit Americans
  rights (using the Alien and Sedition Acts as
  proof of their claims).

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The Election of 1800

• Problems
• The election ended in a tie between Jefferson and
  Burr.
• Political parties did not specify who was the
  partys preferred candidate for president.
• The House of Representatives was deadlocked for
  35 votes.
• Hamilton urged Federalists to vote for Jefferson.
  On the 36th vote, Jefferson was chosen president.

• These problems with the voting system led to the
  passage of the Twelfth Amendment (1804), which
  said that electors must cast separate ballots for
  president and vice president.

• Burr held a grudge against Hamilton for
  supporting Jefferson and for preventing him from
  winning the governors race in New York in later
  years. In 1804, Burr killed Hamilton in a duel.

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Jefferson Makes Changes

• Succeeded in reducing government
• Only customs duties and the sale of lands
  produced revenue for the government.
• Reduced the size of the executive department staff

• Succeeded in reducing size of military
• Reduced the size of the army and navy
• However, built up navy to help merchant ships
  when attacked by pirates

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The Louisiana Purchase

• General Napoleon Bonaparte wanted to build a
  French empire.
• Bonaparte to regain Frances former lands called
  the Louisiana Territory
• Those lands had gone to Spain in the Treaty of
  Paris in 1763.

• In 1800 Spain returned Louisiana to France.
• Spanish officials closed the lower Mississippi
  and New Orleans to American shipping.
• Spain turned over control of the area to France.

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The Louisiana Purchase

• Jefferson sent James Monroe to Paris to try to
  purchase New Orleans and West Florida.
• At the meeting, France offered to sell the United
  States all of the vast Louisiana Territory.

• On April 30, 1803, they signed an agreement with
  France to buy the landfinal price about 80
  million francs, or 15 million
• Almost doubled the territory of the United States

• The Constitution did not directly give Jefferson
  the authority to buy new territory for the
  nation.

• Jefferson and his fellow strict constructionists
  decided that the right to acquire territory was
  implicit in the presidents constitutional power
  to make treaties.

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The Louisiana Purchase

• Jefferson sent the Corps of Discovery, usually
  called the Lewis and Clark expedition, to explore
  the land of the Louisiana Purchase.
• Led by Meriwether Lewis, Jeffersons secretary,
  and William Clark, an experienced frontiersman

• Their ultimate goal was to reach the Pacific
  Ocean.
• They mapped the country and surveyed its natural
  history, including plants, animals, and
  landforms.
• Were helped by their guide, a Shoshone woman,
  Sacagawea

• Zebulon M. Pike led an 1805 expedition that
  traveled 2,000 miles to explore the upper
  Mississippi Valley.
• In 1806 he explored the Southwest and gathered
  information about the economy and defenses of
  Spanish New Mexico and Texas.

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The Role of the Supreme Court Changes

• Federalist legislators in Congress passed the
  Judiciary Act of 1801, which created new
  positions in the judicial branch.
• Departing President John Adams hurried to fill
  them with Federalists.
• Adamss signed documents had to be delivered to
  each man to make the appointments official.
• Not all were delivered before Jefferson took
  office the next day.
• James Madison, the new secretary of state,
  refused to deliver the remaining commissions.

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The Role of the Supreme Court Changes

• William Marbury, one of the men who did not
  receive his commission, brought suit in the
  Supreme Court.
• He claimed that the Judiciary Act of 1789 gave
  the Court the power to force Madison to deliver
  the commission.

• The Court ruled that the Constitution gave the
  Supreme Court the power to hear only certain
  kinds of cases.
• The Constitution did not give the Court the power
  to force Madison to deliver Marburys commission.
• It ruled the Judiciary Act of 1789
  unconstitutional.
• Marbury v. Madison established the Supreme
  Courts power of judicial review, to declare that
  a law violates the Constitution.

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The War of 1812

• Main Idea
• In the early 1800s, Americans unified to face
  Great Britain in war once again and to battle
  resistance from Native Americans over attempts to
  seize their lands.
• Reading Focus
• What violations of American neutrality led to the
  War of 1812?
• How did Tecumseh resist American settlers?
• How did the War of 1812 begin? How did the war
  affect the new nation?

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Violating Neutrality

• Unresolved tensions between the United States and
  Britain, on the northwest frontier and on the
  seas, caused the nations to war again.

• Napoleonic Wars affected American merchant
  shipping.
• France and Britain tried to cut off each others
  access to European ports.
• Both nations ignored American neutrality.
• The British were more of a threat because they
  would impress American sailors, forcing them to
  serve in the British navy.

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Violating Neutrality

• In 1807 the British ship Leopard stopped the
  American frigate Chesapeake and seized four
  Americans.

• Congress passed the Embargo Act, which prohibited
  exports to foreign countries.
• This ban was a disaster to the economy.
• Goods piled up in warehouses, shops sat in the
  harbors, people lost their jobs, and businesses
  failed.

• In 1808 James Madison was elected president.
• A new law reopened all trade except that with
  Britain and France.

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Tecumseh Resists Settlers

• As anti-British feelings grew in the United
  States, the British tried to rebuild their old
  alliances with Native Americans.
• William Henry Harrison was governor of the new
  Indiana Territory and carried out Jeffersons new
  Native American policy.
• Native Americans could choose either to become
  farmers and join white society or to move west of
  the Mississippi.

• As Harrison implemented the policy, Native
  Americans made treaties in which they lost
  millions of acres of tribal lands in Michigan,
  Indiana, and Illinois.

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Tecumseh Resists Settlers

• Native American leaders
• One was a religious leader called the Prophet, or
  Tenskwatawa.
• Thousands came to hear him speak against white
  culture at Prophetstown in present-day Indiana.
• He taught his followers to reject white culture.

• Tecumseh
• Also called Shooting Star, he was the Prophets
  brother and an inspiring leader.
• He began to unite his brothers followers in
  1809.
• In 1811, while Tecumseh was away, Harrisons army
  attacked, burning Prophetstown.
• The Battle of Tippecanoe made Harrison a national
  hero.

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The War of 1812 Begins

• The Chesapeake and Leopard neutrality incident
  had some American politicians calling for war.
• They were known as War Hawks.
• The United States declared war on Great Britain
  in 1812.

• The war was fought on land and sea, from Canada
  to Louisiana.
• Much of the war took place along the
  U.S.-Canadian border.
• The British staged a massive blockade of the
  American coast and New Orleans.

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The War of 1812 Begins

• In August 1812 the USS Constitution sank the
  British Guerriére.
• The naval war moved into the Great Lakes the
  United States won the Battle of Lake Erie.

• The Americans made several unsuccessful invasions
  of Canada.
• Tecumseh joined the British in a campaign to
  capture Detroit and invade Ohio.

• Battle of the Thames Harrisons army met British
  and Indian forces and was victorious
• Tecumseh was killed in the battle, ending the
  British-Native American alliance.
• Tennessee militia leader Andrew Jackson led a
  force against the Creeks at the Battle of
  Horseshoe Bend where women, children, and
  warriors were massacred.

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The War of 1812 Begins

• In August 1814 the British fleet sailed into
  Chesapeake Bay.
• Their soldiers marched to Washington, where they
  burned several major buildings, including the
  White House.
• Then they bombarded Fort McHenry at Baltimore
  Harbor. After an overnight battle, the American
  flag was still flying. The sight inspired Francis
  Scott Key to write the lyrics to The
  Star-Spangled Banner.

• A British force landed near New Orleans in
  December 1814.
• Andrew Jackson and a militia were waiting for
  them. He became the hero of the Battle of New
  Orleans.

• Treaty of Ghent peace treaty between the United
  States and Great Britain, signed in December 1814
  in Ghent, Belgium

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