The Writers World: Paragraphs and Essays

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The Writers World Paragraphs and Essays

• Part IV Editing Handbook
• Chapter 20 Fragments and
• Run-ons

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Chapter 20 Fragments and Run-onsPractice 1
Example Underline and correct phrase fragments.
The correction is in parentheses.

• Example A childhood trauma. It can be
  the source of an irrational fear.
• A childhood trauma (A childhood trauma can
  be the source of an irrational fear.) It can be
  the source of an irrational fear.

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Chapter 20 Fragments and Run-onsPractice 1
Underline and correct phrase fragments.

• 1. First, superstitions. People sometimes have
  irrational beliefs. Many compulsive gamblers, for
  example, think that they can control the spin of
  slot machine reels by carrying good luck charms.
  The illusion of control. Others carry a four-leaf
  clover. Or a rabbits foot.

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Chapter 20 Fragments and Run-ons Practice 1
Underline and correct phrase fragments. The
corrections are in parentheses.

• 1. First, superstitions. (First, there are many
  superstitions.) People sometimes have irrational
  beliefs. Many compulsive gamblers, for example,
  think that they can control the spin of slot
  machine reels by carrying good luck charms. The
  illusion of control. (They have the illusion of
  control.) Others carry a four-leaf clover. Or a
  rabbits foot. (Others carry a four-leaf clover
  or a rabbits foot.)

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Chapter 20 Fragments and Run-ons Practice 1
Underline and correct five phrase fragments.

• 2. Many athletes have rituals or lucky items of
  clothing. A lucky number on their jersey. Rams
  running back Marshall Faulk always wears black to
  the stadium. Another football player, Chris Hale.
  He believes that dressing in a particular
  sequence is lucky.

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Chapter 20 Fragments and Run-ons Practice 1
Underline and correct five phrase fragments. The
corrections are in parentheses.

• 2. Many athletes have rituals or lucky items of
  clothing. (Many athletes have rituals or lucky
  items of clothing, such as a lucky number on
  their jersey.) A lucky number on their jersey.
  Rams running back Marshall Faulk always wears
  black to the stadium. Another football player,
  Chris Hale. (Another football player, Chris Hale,
  believes that dressing in a particular sequence
  is lucky.) He believes that dressing in a
  particular sequence is lucky.

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Chapter 20 Fragments and Run-ons Practice 2
Example Underline and correct ing and to
fragments. The corrections are in parentheses.

• Example Believing in ghosts. It is very
  common.
• Believing in ghosts. (Believing in ghosts
  is very common.) It is very common.

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Chapter 20 Fragments and Run-ons Practice 2
Underline and correct ing and to fragments.

• 1. Believing they are rational. Many people are
  actually superstitious. Professional athletes
  follow some strange rituals. To help them
  succeed. For example, Michael Jordan played each
  game. Wearing blue North Carolina college shorts
  under his Bulls uniform. Baseball player Wade
  Boggs ate chicken on game days.

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Chapter 20 Fragments and Run-ons Practice 2
Underline and correct ing and to fragments. The
corrections are in parentheses.

• 1. Believing they are rational. (Believing they
  are rational, many people are actually
  superstitious.) Many people are actually
  superstitious. Professional athletes follow some
  strange rituals (Professional athletes follow
  some strange rituals to help them succeed). To
  help them succeed. For example, Michael Jordan
  played each game (For example, Michael Jordan
  played each game wearing blue North Carolina
  college shorts under his Bulls uniform). Wearing
  blue North Carolina college shorts under his
  Bulls uniform. Baseball player Wade Boggs ate
  chicken on game days.

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Chapter 20 Fragments and Run-ons Practice 3
Example Underline and correct explanatory
fragments. You may need to add or remove words.
The corrections are in parentheses.

• Example There are many superstitions. For
  instance, black cats.
• There are many superstitions. For instance,
  black cats. (For instance, black cats are
  considered unlucky.)

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Chapter 20 Fragments and Run-ons Practice 3
Underline and correct explanatory fragments. You
may need to add or remove words.

• 1. Superstitions have their origins in peoples
  psychological behaviors. For example, a desire
  for rituals. Superstitions have also developed
  due to other factors. Such as fear and ignorance.
  Also, early humans found it difficult to explain
  the causes of natural phenomena. Like thunder or
  lightning.

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Chapter 20 Fragments and Run-ons Practice 3
Underline and correct explanatory fragments. You
may need to add or remove words. The corrections
are in parentheses.

• 1. Superstitions have their origins in peoples
  psychological behaviors. For example, a desire
  for rituals. (For example, they have a desire for
  rituals.) Superstitions have also developed due
  to other factors. Such as fear and ignorance.
  (Superstitions have also developed due to other
  factors, such as fear and ignorance.) Also, early
  humans found it difficult to explain the causes
  of natural phenomena. Like thunder and lightning.
  (Also, early humans found it difficult to explain
  the causes of natural phenomena, like thunder or
  lightning.)

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Chapter 20 Fragments and Run-ons Practice 3
Underline and correct explanatory fragments. You
may need to add or remove words.

• 2. One common superstition is that the number 13
  is unlucky. Some attribute this superstition to
  stories about devils. As well as witches. Many
  people believed that witches usually gathered in
  groups of twelve. When the devil participated in
  the coven, the number of members became thirteen.
  Another theory about the unlucky number 13
  originated with the early Christians. There were
  thirteen apostles at the Last Supper. Including
  Judas, who betrayed Jesus. Therefore, the number
  13 was considered unlucky.

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Chapter 20 Fragments and Run-ons Practice 3
Underline and correct explanatory fragments. You
may need to add or remove words. The corrections
are in parentheses.

• 2. One common superstition is that the number 13
  is unlucky. Some attribute this superstition to
  stories about devils. (Some attribute this
  superstition to stories about devils as well as
  witches.) As well as witches. Many people
  believed that witches usually gathered in groups
  of twelve. When the devil participated in the
  coven, the number of members became thirteen.
  Another theory about the unlucky number 13
  originated with the early Christians. There were
  thirteen apostles at the Last Supper (There were
  thirteen apostles at the Last Supper, including
  Judas, who betrayed Jesus.) Including Judas, who
  betrayed Jesus. Therefore, the number 13 was
  considered unlucky.

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Chapter 20 Fragments and Run-ons Practice 4
Example Underline and correct dependent-clause
fragments. The corrections are in parentheses.

• Example Whenever they blame themselves.
  Negative thinkers make their problems
  larger.
• Whenever they blame themselves. (Whenever
  they blame themselves, negative thinkers make
  their problems larger.) Negative thinkers
  make their problems larger.

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Chapter 20 Fragments and Run-ons Practice 4
Underline and correct dependent-clause fragments.

• 1. Andrew Shatte is a University of
  Pennsylvania researcher. Who is working on the
  Resiliency Project. For the project, graduate
  psychology students taught seventy children. That
  they can become more resilient. Children learned
  the difference between productive and
  self-defeating thinking. After they looked at
  their own fears. The children had to test their
  expectations and see if they were realistic.

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Chapter 20 Fragments and Run-ons Practice 4
Underline and correct dependent-clause fragments.
The corrections are in parentheses.

• 1. Andrew Shatte is a University of
  Pennsylvania researcher (Andrew Shatte is a
  University of Pennsylvania researcher who is
  working on the Resiliency Project). Who is
  working on the Resiliency Project. For the
  project, graduate psychology students taught
  seventy children (For the project, graduate
  psychology students taught seventy children that
  they can become more resilient). That they can
  become more resilient. Children learned the
  difference between productive and self-defeating
  thinking. After they looked at their own fears.
  (After they looked at their own fears, the
  children had to test their expectations and see
  if they were realistic.) The children had to test
  their expectations and see if they were realistic.

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Chapter 20 Fragments and Run-ons Practice 4
Underline and correct dependent-clause fragments.

• 2. One child in the program who came from a
  tough inner-city neighborhood had convinced
  himself that he would probably end up in a gang.
  Even though he hated violence. The program taught
  this boy. That there are other possible outcomes.
  He learned that he did not have to focus on
  worst-case scenarios.

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Chapter 20 Fragments and Run-ons Practice 4
Underline and correct dependent-clause fragments.
The corrections are in parentheses.

• 2. One child in the program who came from a
  tough inner-city neighborhood had convinced
  himself that he would probably end up in a gang
  (One child in the program who came from a tough
  inner-city neighborhood had convinced himself
  that he would probably end up in a gang even
  though he hated violence). Even though he hated
  violence. The program taught this boy (The
  program taught this boy that there are other
  possible outcomes). That there are other possible
  outcomes. He learned that he did not have to
  focus on worst-case scenarios.

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Chapter 20 Fragments and Run-ons Practice 5
Example The next paragraphs contain phrase,
explanatory, -ing, to, and dependent-clause
fragments.

• Example
• Many people had nightmares. When they were
  children.

• Many people had nightmares when they were
  children.

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Chapter 20 Fragments and Run-ons Practice 5
The next paragraphs contain phrase, explanatory,
-ing, to, and dependent-clause fragments.

• 1. In ancient times. People thought that dreams
  had heavenly origins. The ancient Egyptians
  thought that dreams had a prophetic function. The
  Babylonians and Assyrians also. Some Egyptian
  pharaohs recorded their strange dreams. For
  example, Thutmose IV. He dreamed that the Sphinx
  spoke to him. Using a familiar language. The
  Sphinx, which was buried in sand, asked Thutmose
  to remove the sand. If he obeyed. He would become
  king. Thutmose cleared the sand off the Sphinx.
  Soon after, became king.

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Chapter 20 Fragments and Run-ons Practice 5
The next paragraphs contain phrase, explanatory,
-ing, to, and dependent-clause fragments.
Fragments are underlined on the left correct
sentences are on the right.

• 1. In ancient times. People thought that
  dreams had heavenly origins. The ancient
  Egyptians thought that dreams had a prophetic
  function. The Babylonians and Assyrians also.
  Some Egyptian pharaohs recorded their strange
  dreams. For example, Thutmose IV. He dreamed that
  the Sphinx spoke to him. Using a familiar
  language. The Sphinx, which was buried in sand,
  asked Thutmose to remove the sand. If he obeyed.
  He would become king. Thutmose cleared the sand
  off the Sphinx. Soon after, became king.

• In ancient times, people thought that dreams had
  heavenly origins.
• The Babylonians and Assyrians also held the same
  belief.
• For example, Thutmose IV dreamed that the Sphinx
  spoke to him.
• If he obeyed, he would become king.
• Soon after, he became king.

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Chapter 20 Fragments and Run-ons Practice 5
The next paragraphs contain phrase, explanatory,
-ing, to, and dependent-clause fragments.

• 2. Some psychologists believe that dreams are
  meaningless. Although others disagree. Dreams
  have a significant purpose. According to Sigmund
  Freud. Freud believed that dreams could lead to
  understanding the unconscious mind. He proposed
  that dreams appeared in symbols or in disguised
  forms. That dreams had hidden meanings. Freud
  theorized that dream symbols showed the dreamers
  desires. Either sexual or aggressive in nature.

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Chapter 20 Fragments and Run-ons Practice 5
The next paragraphs contain phrase, explanatory,
-ing, to, and dependent-clause fragments.
Fragments are underlined on the left correct
sentences are on the right.

• 2. Some psychologists believe that dreams are
  meaningless Although others disagree. Dreams have
  a significant purpose According to Sigmund Freud.
  Freud believed that dreams could lead to
  understanding the unconscious mind. He proposed
  that dreams appeared in symbols or in disguised
  forms That dreams had hidden meanings. Freud
  theorized that dream symbols showed the dreamers
  desires. Either sexual or aggressive in nature.

• Some psychologists believe that dreams are
  meaningless, although others disagree.
• Dreams have a significant purpose according to
  Sigmund Freud.
• He proposed that dreams appeared in symbols or
  in disguised forms and that dreams had hidden
  meanings.
• Freud theorized that dream symbols showed the
  dreamers desires, which were either sexual or
  aggressive in nature.

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Chapter 20 Fragments and Run-ons Practice 5
The next paragraphs contain phrase, explanatory,
-ing, to, and dependent-clause fragments.

• 3. Two modern theories about dreams. In the
  first theory, some psychologists propose that
  dreaming is necessary. Because a dreams purpose
  is to rid the mind of useless data. We forget our
  dreams because we no longer need the information
  in them. The second theory. Dreams have no
  function at all. Some psychologists believe that
  the brain is responding to high levels of
  stimulus. Therefore, people have inexplicable
  dreams. Such as dreams about someone they have
  never met. Certainly, there are many
  psychological theories. To help explain the
  meanings of dreams.

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Chapter 20 Fragments and Run-ons Practice 5
The next paragraphs contain phrase, explanatory,
-ing, to, and dependent-clause fragments.
Fragments are underlined on the left correct
sentences are on the right.

• 3. Two modern theories about dreams. In the
  first theory, some psychologists propose that
  dreaming is necessary. Because a dreams purpose
  is to rid the mind of useless data. We forget our
  dreams because we no longer need the information
  in them. The second theory. Dreams have no
  function at all. Some psychologists believe that
  the brain is responding to high levels of
  stimulus. Therefore, people have inexplicable
  dreams. Such as dreams about someone they have
  never met. Certainly, there are many
  psychological theories. To help explain the
  meanings of dreams.

• There are two modern theories about dreams.
• In the first theory, some psychologists propose
  that dreaming is necessary because a dreams
  purpose is to rid the mind of useless data.
• The second theory is that dreams have no
  function at all.
• Therefore, people have inexplicable dreams, such
  as dreams about someone that they have never met.
• Certainly, there are many psychological theories
  to help explain the meanings of dreams.

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Chapter 20 Fragments and Run-ons Practice 6
Example Identify if the sentence is correct (C)
or a run-on sentence (RO).

• Example Sigmund Freud and Carl Jung were two
  famous psychologists they
• profoundly influenced the field of
  psychology.
• RO

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Chapter 20 Fragments and Run-ons Practice 6
Identify if the sentence is correct (C) or a
run-on sentence (RO).

• 1. Psychologists study human behavior,
  researchers have developed many theories on human
  nature.
• 1. RO
• 2. Instinct theory is one model developed by
  psychologists it proposes that behavior is based
  on biology.
• 2. RO

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Chapter 20 Fragments and Run-ons Practice 6
Identify if the sentence is correct (C) or a
run-on sentence (RO).

• 3. Learning theory suggests that humans learn
  through experience.
• 3. C
• 4. Trait theories focus on human
  characteristics, psychologist describe
  personality types.
• 4. RO

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Chapter 20 Fragments and Run-ons Practice 6
Identify if the sentence is correct (C) or a
run-on sentence (RO).

• 5. Freud developed a theory about personality in
  which he divided the mind into three parts.
• 5. C
• 6. Freud named the parts the id, ego, and
  superego his theory became enormously
  influential.
• 6. RO

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Chapter 20 Fragments and Run-ons Practice 6
Identify if the sentence is correct (C) or a
run-on sentence (RO).

• 7. Psychoanalysis started to lose its popularity
  by the 1940s, at that time other personality
  theories were developing.
• 7. RO
• 8. One psychologist, William Sheldon, tried to
  connect personality to body shapes.
• 8. C

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Chapter 20 Fragments and Run-ons Practice 6
Identify if the sentence is correct (C) or a
run-on sentence (RO).

• 9. Sheldons types were mesomorphic or lean,
  endomorphic or fat, and ectomorphic or tall and
  thin.
• 9. C
• 10. Human personalities vary greatly it is
  difficult to categorize them.
• 10. RO

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Chapter 20 Fragments and Run-ons Practice 7
Example A.) Correct each run-on to read as two
complete sentences.

• Example The twins are identical, they have
  brown hair and eyes.
• The twins are identical. They have brown
  hair and eyes.

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Chapter 20 Fragments and Run-ons Practice 7
A. Correct each run-on to read as two complete
sentences.

• 1. Until the 1960s, twins put up for adoption
  were generally separated they were often adopted
  by two different families.
• 1. Until the 1960s, twins put up for adoption
  were generally separated. They were often adopted
  by two different families.

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Chapter 20 Fragments and Run-ons Practice 7
A. Correct each run-on to read as two complete
sentences.

• 2. Psychologists are interested in studying
  twins raised in different families, they want to
  determine whether genetics or the environment
  play(s) a dominant role in behavior.
• 2. Psychologists are interested in studying
  twins raised in different families. They want to
  determine whether genetics or environment play(s)
  a dominant role in behavior.

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Chapter 20 Fragments and Run-ons Practice 7
A. Correct each run-on to read as two complete
sentences.

• 3. An amazing case involves Tamara Rabi and
  Adriana Scott they met each other in 2003.
• 3. An amazing case involves Tamara Rabi and
  Adriana Scott. They met each other in 2003.

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Chapter 20 Fragments and Run-ons Practice 7
Example B.) Correct each run-on by joining the
two sentences with a semicolon.

• Example The twins are identical, they have
  brown hair and eyes.
• The twins are identical they have brown
  hair and eyes.

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Chapter 20 Fragments and Run-ons Practice 7
B. Correct each run-on by joining the two
sentences with a semicolon.

• 4. Tamara and Adriana were born in Mexico they
  were separated and raised by different families.
• 4. Tamara and Adriana were born in Mexico they
  were separated and raised by different families.

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Chapter 20 Fragments and Run-ons Practice 7
B. Correct each run-on by joining the two
sentences with a semicolon.

• 5. The girls were adopted by American families
  they lived just twenty-five miles apart.
• 5. The girls were adopted by American families
  they lived just twenty-five miles apart.

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Chapter 20 Fragments and Run-ons Practice 7
B. Correct each run-on by joining the two
sentences with a semicolon.

• 6. Tamara Rabi was raised by a Jewish family in
  a city Adriana Scott was raised by a Catholic
  family in a suburb.
• 6. Tamara Rabi was raised by a Jewish family in
  a city Adriana Scott was raised by a Catholic
  family in a suburb.

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Chapter 20 Fragments and Run-ons Practice
7 Example C.) Correct each run-on by joining the
two sentences with a coordinating conjunction
(FANBOYSfor, and, nor, but, or, yet, so).

• Example A boy named Justin dated Adriana.
  There was no mutual attraction.
• A boy named Justin dated Adriana, and there
  was no mutual attraction.

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Chapter 20 Fragments and Run-ons Practice 7
C. Correct each run-on by joining the two
sentences with a coordinating conjunction
(FANBOYSfor, and, nor, but, or, yet, so).

• 7. Justin still wanted to find a girlfriend, his
  friend set him up with another girl.
• 7. Justin still wanted to find a girlfriend, so
  his friend set him up with another girl.
• 8. Justin met Tamara he was astounded at her
  similarity to his previous girlfriend, Adriana.
• 8. Justin met Tamara, and he was astounded at
  her similarity to his previous girlfriend,
  Adriana.

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Chapter 20 Fragments and Run-ons Practice 7
C. Correct each run-on by joining the two
sentences with a coordinating conjunction
(FANBOYSfor, and, nor, but, or, yet, so).

• 9. Justin convinced the girls to meet each
  other, they met in a McDonalds parking lot.
• 9. Justin convinced the girls to meet each
  other, so they met in a McDonalds parking lot.

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Chapter 20 Fragments and Run-ons Practice 7
Example D.) Correct each run-on by joining the
two sentences with a subordinating conjunction,
such as although, because, when, etc.

• Example The girls were happy to meet. They
  each wanted a sister.
• The girls were happy to meet when they each
  wanted a sister.

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Chapter 20 Fragments and Run-ons Practice 7
D. Correct each run-on by joining the two
sentences with a subordinating conjunction, such
as although, because, when, etc.

• 10. The twins did not go to the same type of
  school their families were not in the same income
  bracket.
• 10. The twins did not go to the same type of
  school because their families were not in the
  same income bracket.

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Chapter 20 Fragments and Run-ons Practice 7
D. Correct each run-on by joining the two
sentences with a subordinating conjunction, such
as although, because, when, etc.

• 11. They received different qualities of
  education, they were both B students.
• 11. Although they received different qualities of
  education, they were both B students.
• 12. The girls flew to Mexico they met their birth
  mother.
• 12. The girls flew to Mexico where they met their
  birth mother.

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Chapter 20 Fragments and Run-ons Practice 8
Example Write F beside fragments, RO beside
run-on sentences, and C beside correct sentences.

• Example The origins of certain fears.
• F

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Chapter 20 Fragments and Run-ons Practice 8
Write F beside fragments, RO beside run-on
sentences, and C beside correct sentences.

• 1. Maggie Junato, a public relations executive
  becomes breathless and dizzy whenever she sees
  one.
• 1. C
• 2. The red nose, the curly green hair, and the
  large floppy shoes.
• 2. F

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Chapter 20 Fragments and Run-ons Practice 8
Write F beside fragments, RO beside run-on
sentences, and C beside correct sentences.

• 3. The fear of clowns is known as coulrophobia.
• 3. C
• 4. The clowns painted face is frightening.
• 4. C
• 5. With a large mocking grin pained over the
  clowns real mouth.
• 5. F

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Chapter 20 Fragments and Run-ons Practice 8
Write F beside fragments, RO beside run-on
sentences, and C beside correct sentences.

• 6. Professional clowns are aware of the problem
  they do not approach the fearful.
• 6. RO
• 7. Perhaps the phobia is caused by clown horror
  movies.
• 7. C

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Chapter 20 Fragments and Run-ons Practice 8
Write F beside fragments, RO beside run-on
sentences, and C beside correct sentences.

• 8. Stephen Kings movie It, for example.
• 8. F
• 9. In the film, actor Tim Curry plays the evil
  clown, Pennywise, he smacks his lips every time
  he is about to murder a child.
• 9. RO

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Chapter 20 Fragments and Run-ons Practice 8
Write F beside fragments, RO beside run-on
sentences, and C beside correct sentences.

• 10. While such movies are terrifying.
• 10. F
• 11. Real clowns are actors and comedians who need
  the work, they entertain children in hospitals
  and the elderly in nursing homes.
• 11. RO

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Chapter 20 Fragments and Run-ons Practice 8
Write F beside fragments, RO beside run-on
sentences, and C beside correct sentences.

• 12. Certain psychologists can help patients
  overcome their clown phobias.
• 12. C

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Chapter 20 Fragments and Run-ons Practice 9
Example Correct fragment and run-on errors.

• Example Although 3 percent of births in the
  United States are twins. The percentage is
  increasing.
• Although 3 percent of births in the United
  States are twins, the percentage is
  increasing.

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Chapter 20 Fragments and Run-ons Practice 9
Correct fragment and run-on errors.

• 1. Thomas Bouchard Jr. and some colleagues at
  the University of Minnesota began studying twins
  in 1979. Bouchard had read about twins. Who had
  been raised apart. He contacted them in order to
  study their similarities.

56
Chapter 20 Fragments and Run-ons Practice 9
Correct fragment and run-on errors. Fragments
marked with (F) and run-ons marked with (RO) are
on the left. On the right, sentences are
corrected.

• 1. Thomas Bouchard Jr. and some colleagues at
  the University of Minnesota began studying twins
  in 1979. Bouchard had read about twins. (F) Who
  had been raised apart. He contacted them in order
  to study their similarities.

• Bouchard had read about twins who had been
  raised apart.

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Chapter 20 Fragments and Run-ons Practice 9
Correct fragment and run-on errors.

• 2. By 1990, Bouchards team had studied
  seventy-seven sets of identical twins. The
  majority of these separated twins had astounding
  similarities. For example, two men named Jim.
  They had been separated at birth. They met in
  1979 they found that they were similar in many
  ways. They smoked the same brand of cigarettes,
  they drove the same type of car. The men also had
  the same hobbies. For example, working with wood.
  Amazingly, the Jims had both built white benches,
  they placed the benches near a tree.

58
Chapter 20 Fragments and Run-ons Practice 9
Correct fragment and run-on errors. Fragments
marked with (F) and run-ons marked with (RO) are
on the left. On the right, sentences are
corrected.

• 2. By 1990, Bouchards team had
  studied seventy-seven sets of identical twins.
  The majority of these separated twins had
  astounding similarities. (F) For example, two men
  named Jim. They had been separated at birth. (RO)
  They met in 1979 they found that they were
  similar in many ways. (RO) They smoked the same
  brand of cigarettes, they drove the same type of
  car. The men also had the same hobbies. (RO) For
  example, working with wood. (RO) Amazingly, the
  Jims had both built white benches, they placed
  the benches near a tree.

• For example, two men named Jim had been
  separated at birth.
• They had met in 1979, and they found that they
  were similar in many ways.
• They smoked the same brand of cigarettes they
  drove the same type of car.
• For example, they both enjoyed working with
  wood.
• Amazingly, the Jims had both built white benches
  and placed the benches near a tree.

59
Chapter 20 Fragments and Run-ons Practice 9
Correct fragment and run-on errors.

• 3. In the study, one set of twins was unusual.
  Japanese-born twins were adopted by different
  families in California. They shared some
  similarities, researchers were puzzled by their
  differences. One twin had 20/20 vision, but the
  other wore glasses. One was afraid to travel by
  airplane, the other had no such fear. One twin
  was quite timid, the other was easygoing and
  friendly.

60
Chapter 20 Fragments and Run-ons Practice 9
Correct fragment and run-on errors. Fragments
marked with (F) and run-ons marked with (RO) are
on the left. On the right, sentences are
corrected.

• 3. In the study, one set of twins was
  unusual. Japanese-born twins were adopted by
  different families in California. (RO) They
  shared some similarities, researchers were
  puzzled by their differences. One twin had 20/20
  vision, but the other wore glasses. (RO) One was
  afraid to travel by airplane, the other had no
  such fear. (RO) One twin was quite timid, the
  other was easygoing and friendly.

• They shared some similarities, although
  researchers were puzzled by their differences.
• One was afraid to travel by airplane, while the
  other had no such fear.
• One twin was quite timid, yet the other was
  easygoing and friendly.

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Chapter 20 Fragments and Run-ons Practice 9
Correct fragment and run-on errors.

• 4. Researchers suspect that the environment may
  play a role. In twin differences. For example,
  one twin could be malnourished, the other could
  have a healthy diet. The differences in diet
  could affect the development of the twins
  brains. And bodies. Birthing problems may also
  result in differences. Between twins. One twin
  may receive less oxygen during delivery.

62
Chapter 20 Fragments and Run-ons Practice 9
Correct fragment and run-on errors. Fragments
marked with (F) and run-ons marked with (RO) are
on the left. On the right, sentences are
corrected.

• 4. Researchers suspect that the environment may
  play a role. In twin differences. (RO) For
  example, one twin could be malnourished, the
  other could have a healthy diet. The differences
  in diet could affect the development of the
  twins brains. (F) And bodies. Birthing problems
  may also result in differences. (F) Between
  twins. One twin may receive less oxygen during
  delivery.

• For example, one twin could be malnourished the
  other could have a healthy diet.
• The differences in diet could affect the
  development of the twins brains and bodies.
• Birthing problems may also result in differences
  between twins.

63
Chapter 20 Fragments and Run-ons Practice 9
Correct fragment and run-on errors.

• 5. The separated twin studies suggest certain
  possibilities, for example, twins raised
  separately may be more similar than twins raised
  together. Twins raised together may emphasize
  their differences. Twins raised apart would have
  no need. To search for their individuality. Much
  more research is needed to know how genes
  influence behavior.

64
Chapter 20 Fragments and Run-ons Practice 9
Correct fragment and run-on errors.Fragments
marked with (F) and run-ons marked with (RO) are
on the left. On the right, sentences are
corrected.

• 5. (RO) The separated twin studies suggest
  certain possibilities, for example, twins raised
  separately may be more similar than twins raised
  together. Twins raised together may emphasize
  their differences. Twins raised apart would have
  no need. (F) To search for their individuality.
  Much more research is needed to know how genes
  influence behavior.

• The separated twin studies suggest certain
  possibilities for example, twins raised
  separately may be more similar than twins raised
  together.
• Twins raised apart would have no need to search
  for their individuality.

65
Chapter 20 Fragments and Run-ons Final Review
Example Correct fragment and run-on errors.

• Example First, dreams and fears.
• First, dreams express our fears.

66
Chapter 20 Fragments and Run-ons Final Review
Correct fragment and run-on errors.

• 1. To sleep, perchance to dream, wrote
  Shakespeare in his play Hamlet. Many great
  writers have written about dreams. For example,
  Lewis Carroll. His famous work Alice in
  Wonderland is dreamlike, in the story, Alice has
  an adventure with a white rabbit. Another bizarre
  character is the Queen of Hearts. Who wants to
  cut off Alices head.

67
Chapter 20 Fragments and Run-ons Final Review
Correct fragment and run-on errors.Fragments
marked with (F) and run-ons marked with (RO) are
on the left. On the right, sentences are
corrected.

• 1. To sleep, perchance to dream, wrote
  Shakespeare in his play Hamlet. Many great
  writers have written about dreams. (F) For
  example, Lewis Carroll. (RO) His famous work
  Alice in Wonderland is dreamlike, in the story,
  Alice has an adventure with a white rabbit.
  Another bizarre character is the Queen of Hearts.
  (F) Who wants to cut off Alices head.

• Many great writers have written about dreams,
  for example, Lewis Carroll.
• His famous work Alice in Wonderland is
  dreamlike in the story, Alice has an adventure
  with a white rabbit.
• Another bizarre character is the Queen of Hearts
  who wants to cut off Alices head.

68
Chapter 20 Fragments and Run-ons Final Review
Correct fragment and run-on errors.

• 2. Dreams sometimes leave the dreamer feeling
  uncomfortable. In Franz Kafkas novella
  Metamorphosis, the main character Gregor Samsa,
  wakes up feeling uneasy. Because he has had bad
  dreams during the night. When he wakes up, Samsa
  finds himself transformed into a grotesque
  vermin, he realizes that it is not a dream.

69
Chapter 20 Fragments and Run-ons Final Review
Correct fragment and run-on errors.Fragments
marked with (F) and run-ons marked with (RO) are
on the left. On the right, sentences are
corrected.

• 2. Dreams sometimes leave the dreamer feeling
  uncomfortable. In Franz Kafkas novella
  Metamorphosis, the main character Gregor Samsa,
  wakes up feeling uneasy. (F) Because he has had
  bad dreams during the night. (RO) When he wakes
  up, Samsa finds himself transformed into a
  grotesque vermin, he realizes that it is not a
  dream.

• In Franz Kafkas novella Metamorphosis, the main
  character Gregor Samsa wakes up feeling uneasy
  because he has had bad dreams during the night.
• When he wakes up, Samsa finds himself
  transformed into a grotesque vermin, and then he
  realizes that it is not a dream.

70
Chapter 20 Fragments and Run-ons Final Review
Correct fragment and run-on errors.

• 3. The meaning of dreams. Sigmund Freud and his
  student Carl Jung proposed a theory, they wrote
  that dreams have a specific purpose. Jung
  believed that dreamers could learn from their
  dreams. In his book Memories, Dreams, and
  Reflections. Jung wrote that dreams forced him to
  think about important things. Such as life and
  death.

71
Chapter 20 Fragments and Run-ons Final Review
Correct fragment and run-on errors.Fragments
marked with (F) and run-ons marked with (RO) are
on the left. On the right, sentences are
corrected.

• 3. (F) The meaning of dreams. Sigmund Freud and
  his student Carl Jung proposed a theory, they
  wrote that dreams have a specific purpose. Jung
  believed that dreamers could learn from their
  dreams. (F) In his book Memories, Dreams, and
  Reflections. Jung wrote that dreams forced him to
  think about important things. (F) Such as life
  and death.

• Psychologists study the meaning of dreams.
• In his book Memories, Dreams, and Reflections,
  Jung wrote that dreams forced him to think about
  important things, such as life and death.

72
Chapter 20 Fragments and Run-ons Final Review
Correct fragment and run-on errors.

• 4. Dreams have been the source of inspiration to
  many people. According to the Koran. God revealed
  many truths to Muhammad through dreams. Muhammad
  then recorded these revelations. In the Bible,
  God appeared in dreams to many people. Including
  Joseph. Others have also drawn inspiration from
  dreams. For instance, the Japanese filmmaker
  Akira Kurosawa. He recorded his dreams he stated
  that man is a genius when he is dreaming.

73
Chapter 20 Fragments and Run-ons Final Review
Correct fragment and run-on errors.Fragments
marked with (F) and run-ons marked with (RO) are
on the left. On the right, sentences are
corrected.

• 4. Dreams have been the source of inspiration
  to many people. (F) According to the Koran. God
  revealed many truths to Muhammad through dreams.
  Muhammad then recorded these revelations. (F) In
  the Bible. God appeared in dreams to many people.
  (F) Including Joseph. Others have also drawn
  inspiration from dreams. (F) For instance, the
  Japanese filmmaker Akira Kurosawa. (RO) He
  recorded his dreams he stated that man is a
  genius when he is dreaming.

• According to the Koran, God revealed many truths
  to Muhammad through dreams.
• In the Bible, God appeared in dreams to many
  people, including Joseph.
• For instance, the Japanese filmmaker Akira
  Kurosawa recorded his dreams, and he stated that
  man is genius when he is dreaming.

74
Chapter 20 Fragments and Run-ons Final Review
Correct fragment and run-on errors.

• 5. Dreams have inspired artists, writers, and
  religious figures. If you have recurring dreams,
  you might write them down, dreams can be the
  source of fascinating stories.

75
Chapter 20 Fragments and Run-ons Final Review
Correct fragment and run-on errors.Fragments
marked with (F) and run-ons marked with (RO) are
on the left. On the right, sentences are
corrected.

• 5. Dreams have inspired artists, writers, and
  religious figures. (RO) If you have recurring
  dreams, you might write them down, dreams can be
  the source of fascinating stories.

• If you have recurring dreams, you might write
  them down.
• Dreams can be the source of fascinating stories.