Organizing Public and Private Security in the United States

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Organizing Public and Private Security in the
United States

• Goals
• Familiarize local and state public agencies that
  enforce the law and public safety
• Introduce numerous federal law enforcement
  agencies that enforce federal laws and
  regulations
• Describe size, scope, and functions of law
  enforcement agencies in the public sector
• Explain methods of public safety
• Inform you about various jobs in the private and
  public sectors
• Inform of the changes made to public and private
  law enforcement after September 11, 2001

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The U.S. Public and Private Security Industry

• US does not have national police force although
  many people think Federal Bureau of
  Investigations as one
• Law enforcement based on Local Control, or the
  formal use of local neighborhood forms of control
  to deter abhorrent behaviors
• Primary responsibility for police protection is
  local governments (city, towns, and counties)
• State and Federal are miniscule when compared to
  law enforcement agencies of local government

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• Nationwide there were about 362 full-time state
  and local law enforcement employees per 100,000
  residents for a Law Enforcement Employee Average
• Sworn Law Enforcement Employee Average was 2.52
  (sworn law enforcement officers per 1,000)
• Publicly funded Federal, State, and Local law
  enforcement agencies
• Private sector employs 1.5 million people and
  spends over 100 Billion yearly

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Generalizations of U.S. Law Enforcement

• Size and Scope of US LE industry is enormous
• Tremendously diverse and fragmented
• Predominantly local
• Many employment opportunities at the federal,
  state, local, and private levels

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Local Law Enforcement
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• Local police are the majority of all law
  enforcement employees in the united states
• Local law enforcement agencies include
  metropolitan law enforcement, county law
  enforcement, and rural and small town law
  enforcement.
• 65 of full time officers perform patrol duties,
  while 16 primarily perform criminal
  investigations.
• The largest police department is the New York
  City Police Department (NYPD) with around 53,000
  full time employees.
• Metropolitan police departments perform the tasks
  we usually associate with police, arresting law
  violators, patrol, investigating crimes,
  enforcing traffic law, crowd/traffic control, and
  issuing licenses and permits.

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• Usually the authority of metropolitan police
  overlaps with other organizations.
• Most academic and professional studies of
  policing focus on municipal departments as they
  are where the "action" is in law enforcement.
• Since September 11th, metropolitan departments
  have had to deal with problems of terrorism.
• Municipal departments not only attempt to control
  crime but maintain public order and solve quality
  of life issues for neighborhood residents.
• Police handle social problems that other public
  and private agencies either cant or wont handle.

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• Local police also include the sheriffs
  department, which performs tasks of coroners, tax
  assessors, tax collectors, keepers of county
  jails, court attendants, executors of criminal
  and civil processes, and law enforcement.
• Local departments include special jurisdiction
  agencies ie. the port authority of New York-New
  Jersey
• Local police also include the sheriffs
  department, which performs tasks of coroners, tax
  assessors, tax collectors, keepers of county
  jails, court attendants, executors of criminal
  and civil processes, and law enforcement.
• The term Sherriff comes from the English sheriff
  (shire-reeve) who was an assistant to royal
  judges trying prisoners, and enforcing sentences.
  
• Rural and small town police face different
  challenges than those of metropolitan police, one
  of which is the lack of available backup, they
  must get used to waiting for the nearest
  available help, which is often miles away.
• Rural and small town police face many problems
  that people only believe large cities have,
  the widespread manufacture of methamphetamine is
  an example of such problems.

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State Law Enforcement
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2 Models of State Law Enforcement

• The Centralized model combines the duties of
  major criminal investigations with patrol of
  highways.
• Centralized agencies usually help local police
  with investigations, providing laboratory work,
  training, and criminal identification.

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2 Models of State Law Enforcement

• The Decentralized model has a distinction between
  traffic enforcement and other law enforcement
  functions.
• States that use this model usually have a state
  highway patrol and another state bureau of
  investigation.
• Although their duties vary, the most common jobs
  that state law enforcement engage in are, highway
  patrol, traffic law enforcement, and the patrol
  of small towns.

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Federal Law Enforcement

• Constitution created 3 branches but did not
  create a national police force
• Traditionally the creation of laws and power to
  enforce them were left to the states
• Policing has largely been local
• Since September 11th the number of federal law
  enforcement officers increases daily
• More attention has been placed on border security
  and homeland defense

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Major Players

• There are four major cabinet departments that
  administer federal law enforcement agencies and
  personnel
• Department of Justice
• Department of the Treasury
• Department of Homeland Security
• Department of the Interior

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Department of Justice

• DOJ is the primary legal and prosecutorial arm of
  the U.S. government
• Responsible for
• Enforcing all federal laws
• Representing the government when it is involved
  in a court action
• Conducts independent investigations through its
  law enforcement services
• National Institute of Justice is the research arm
  of Dept. of Justice
• Maintain the National Criminal Justice Reference
  Service or NCJRS
• NCJRS provides information services to its
  constituencies
• Maintains an abstract database
• Search 1500 full text publications
• Order all print publications of the DOJ
• Obtain information on criminal justice grants and
  funding

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Federal Bureau of Investigations

• Primary Goal- To enforce all federal laws not
  falling under the purview of other federal
  agencies
• Has over 11,000 agents
• Employs 13,000 non-enforcement personnel
• Special agents must attend FBI academy
• FBI is not National Police force, it is an
  investigative agency
• Created in 1908 by President Theodore Roosevelt

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FBI Services

• FBI provides many important services in addition
  to its investigative capacity
• FBI Identification Division
• National Crime Information Center
• FBI Crime Laboratory
• Uniform Crime Reports

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• FBI Identification Division
• Collects and maintains a vast fingerprint file
  which is used by state and local police
• National Crime Information Center
• NCIC is a tremendous computerized database of
  criminal information
• Provides information on outstanding warrants and
  criminal histories
• FBI Crime Laboratory
• Created in 1932 and provides investigative
  analysis services to other LE agencies
• Worlds largest forensic or criminalistic
  laboratory
• Uniform Crime Reports
• Annual compilation of information of crimes
  reported to local police agencies, arrests, and
  police killed or wounded in the line of duty
• Result of a nationwide cooperative effort to
  maintain statistical information on criminal
  activity
• Specific crimes are measured and known as Part I-
  Index Crimes
• Index crimes include
• Murder
• Non-negligent manslaughter
• Forcible Rape

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FBI New Focus

• Since September 11th the primary FBI goals have
  changed. They are
• Protect U.S. from terrorists attacks
• Protect the U.S. against Foreign Intelligence
  Operations and Espionage
• Protect the U.S. against Cyber-based attacks and
  high-tech crimes

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Drug Enforcement Agency

• Previously part of the Treasury Department and
  called Bureau of Narcotics
• Renamed and shifted to Justice Department in 1973
• Primary function is Drug Interdiction

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U.S. Marshal Service

• Primary function
• Transportation of Federal Prisoners
• Operate Witness Security Program
• Operate Federal Governments Asset Seizure and
  Forfeiture Program

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Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms, and
Explosive

• BATFE formerly part of the Department of Treasury
  and shifted to Justice Department in 2002
• Primary Function
• Enforce federal laws relating to Alcohol,
  Tobacco, Firearms and Explosives
• Attempt to suppress illegal traffic of tobacco
  and alcohol
• Attempts to trace weapons and explosives sold
• Collects taxes and regulates industry practices
  of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms, and Explosives

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Department of the Treasury

• IRS- primary function is to collect taxes and
  enforce slaws regulating federal income tax
• TEOAF- primary function is applying forfeiture
  laws to the infrastructure of drug cartels,
  criminal syndicates, and terrorist organizations
• EOTF/FC- primary function develops and implements
  strategies to combat terrorist financing
  domestically and internationally
• OFAC- enforces economic and trade sanctions based
  on U.S. foreign policy and national security
  goals against those involved in activities that
  promote terrorists, drug traffickers, and anyone
  related to the proliferation of weapons of mass
  destruction
• FinCEN- coordinates information sharing with LE
  agencies to deal with complex problems of money
  laundering

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Department of the Treasury

• Has administrative control over
• Internal Revenue Service- Criminal Investigation
  Division
• The Treasury Executive Office for Asset
  Forfeiture (TEOAF)
• The Executive Office for Terrorist Financing and
  Financial Crime (EOTF/FC)
• The Office of Foreign Assets Control (OFAC)
• The Financial Crimes Enforcement Network (FinCEN)

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Department of Homeland Defense

• Department of Homeland Defense was established in
  March of 2003
• Merged 22 previously disparate domestic agencies
  into one department to protect the nation
• Consists of 170,000 employees
• DHS does not include the FBI, CIA, or NSA but
  these agencies have to share their information
  with the DHSs new intelligence department

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Department of Homeland Defense

• Primary function- to protect the nation against
  further terrorist attacks

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Department of Homeland Defense

• Law Enforcement Division is the Border and
  Transportation Security directorate
• BTS maintains nations border
• Assumes professional workforce, programs and
  infrastructure of Coast Guard, Customs Service,
  Immigration and Naturalization Service, Border
  Patrol and Transportation Security Administration
  (TSA)

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Department of Homeland Defense

• Maintains extensive Air, Land, and Marine
  interdiction and investigations
• Conducts inspections and collects import duties
  and import taxes at more than 300 ports of entry
• Seizes and holds Civil Forfeiture which results
  in owner's loss of legal ownership
• Responsible for Emergency Preparedness and
  Response sub directorate to ensure that our
  nation is prepared to deal with and recover from
  terrorists attacks, natural disasters

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U.S. Secret Service

• Protects U.S. currency from counterfeiting and
  safeguarding Americans from credit card fraud
• Primary mission- Protection of the President and
  his or her family and other government leaders

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Department of the Interior

• Provides law enforcement services for the
  property under its purview utilizing the National
  Park Service, U.S. Park Police, Bureau of Indian
  Affairs, Fish and Wildlife Service, Bureau of
  Land Management and the Bureau of Reclamation
• Primarily watches over national landmarks and
  forests

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International Police Interpol

• Its an international criminal police organization
• Is used world wide for cooperation among nations
  regarding common police problems.
• Mission track and provide helpful information to
  other law enforcement agencies to apprehend
  criminals.
• Function informational
• Any police officer can request assistance in
  cases that are out of their jurisdiction
• www.interpol.int

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Private security

• An industry that provides safety and security for
  corporations and public of the U.S.
• Hallcrest Reports created by National
  Institution of Justice.
• It consisted of two studies about the private
  security industry in the U.S.

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Private Security

• The use of private security is rising rapidly and
  costs approximately 65 billion p/yr.
• As well as employment of security officers and
  gambling surveillance officers
• There are three times more private officers than
  public officers.
• Duties consist of patrolling and inspecting
  property from fire, theft, vandalism and illegal
  activity

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9 Categories of Private Security Industry

• Proprietary security
• Contract guard and patrol services
• Alarm services
• Private investigators
• Armored car services
• Manufacturers of security equipment
• Locksmiths
• Security consultants and engineers
• Other

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Restrictions

• Private security officers do not have to abide by
  the provisions of the U.S. constitution.
• Ex.- they dont have to read suspects their
  Miranda rights

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ASIS International

• Organization for professionals responsible of
  security and has educational programs and
  certifications
• It has helped expand new degree programs, courses
  and new professional certificates national wide.
• 3 certification programs
• Certified protection professionals (CPP)
• Professional certified investigator (PCI)
• Physical security professional (PSP)

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Private Investigations

• Major area of private security
• Expected to grow faster than the average for most
  occupations

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Investigations in Police Departments

• Small and have shown to be unproductive
• Police power and resources limited

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Public vs. Private Investigations

• Police and Public Investigators are primarily
  concerned with the interests of society
• Private Investigators/detectives serve
  organizational and interests
• Private Investigators must inform law enforcement
  of criminal violations
• Some P.I.s are former police detectives or
  federal agents

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Private Employment of Public Police

• Moonlight
• Permission
• Uniforms
• Equipment

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Problems with Private Employment of Public Police

• To whom is he/she responsible?
• Liability
• Injuries
• Oath of duty or obligation to the private
  business?

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TARGET HARDENING

• Police officers and employees in security related
  fields refer to securing your residence as
  Target Hardening
• Also refers to the strengthening of the security
  of individual premises

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• Could a burglar climb a tree to get onto the roof
  and enter through an unlocked upper story
  window?
• Answer
• Absolutely

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• In order to keep yourself, the people you
• care about and your property safe , you
• need to remember three things necessary
• for a crime to occur
• a) a victim
• b) a suspect
• c) an opportunity

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An ounce of prevention is a very simple concept

• Target hardening is the concept of opportunity
  reduction
• Owner or occupant seeks to deter the criminal in
  two ways
• Externally
• Stronger locks on doors, windows, fences etc.
• Internally
• For example cable locks on computers and alarms

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Examples of Target Hardening

• Blocker plates over door frame and lock
• Cages over lights
• Grills on windows
• Shatter film on windows
• Enclosed shackles on padlocks
• Window locks
• Computer cable locks
• Properly constructed fencing
• Computer enclosure units
• Security doors

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NEIGHBORHOOD WATCH

• Neighborhood watch, block watch, or town watch is
  one of the most effective ways to prevent crime.
• Civic involvement, collaborative problem-solving
  and mutual commitment help cities and
  neighborhoods to reduce crime.

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NEIGHBORHOOD WATCH

• In early 1972, the National Sheriffs' Association
  created a model program for todays neighborhood
  watch.
• It was recognized that communities able to secure
  the assistance of their residents in observing,
  recognizing and reporting suspicious or criminal
  activities were better able to keep the burglary
  rate down and reduce other crimes.

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• Neighborhood watch forges strong bonds among
  residents
• Watch groups create a sense of community and
  pride by forming a unified group of citizens
  dedicated to improving their neighborhood
• Partnering with law enforcement, citizens become
  their eyes and ears

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Benefits of Neighborhood Watch

• Deters criminal activity
• Creates greater sense of security and reduces
  fear of crime.
• Builds bonds with neighbors people look out for
  one another, stimulates neighborhood awareness
• Reduces the risk of becoming a crime victim

• Instructs residents on how to observe and report
  suspicious activities in your community
• Addresses quality of life issues and mutual
  interests in your community.
• Enhances homeland security and works
  collaboratively with other civic activities.

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• A neighborhood watch program can also be a
  springboard for many other efforts to address the
  causes of crime, reduce crime and improve
  neighborhood conditions

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• Presented by
• Adrian Bernal
• Stephen Littleford
• Lluvia Botello
• Cindy Urias
• Evan Reed
• David Gomez