Title: Trichoptera
1Trichoptera
-- closely realted to lepidoptera -- large,
holometabolous order (gt1300 spp) -- most are
univoltine and larvae and pupae are nearly always
aquatic -- about 2/3 of described spp cannot be
identified in larval stage. -- inhabit a diverse
array of habitats 18 families (100 in cool,
lotic habitats) 17 families (95 in warm, lotic
habitats) 7 families (38 in lentic habitats) 3
families (17 in temporary pools) -- case-making
behavior closely linked to ecological
specialization.
2Caddisflies can generally be divided into 5
groups
- Free-living forms
- -- larvae move around actively and do not
construct a retreat until pupation. - -- mostly predators and most primitive
trichopterans - -- occur mostly in streams of W. North America
- Includes Rhyacophilidae
3Rhyacophilidae
4- Saddle-case makers
- -- construct portable, tortise-like retreats
- -- mostly grazers found in streams
- -- during pupation, larvae attach dome firmly to
substrate. - includes Glossosomatidae
5Glossosomatidae
63) Purse-case makers -- larvae are very small
(lt3mm) and are free living until final instar
stage. -- first 4 instar stages (3 wks) differ
considerably from the fifth instar the only
example of heteromorphosis known in
Trichoptera. includes Hydroptilidae
7Hydroptilidae
84) Net spinners or retreat makers -- most are
sedentary and construct fixed retreats with
capture nets to strain food particles. -- one
family (Hydropsychidae) produce sound by rubbing
femur on underside of head. includes Philopot
amidae Psychomyiidae Polycentropodidae Hy
dropsychidae
9Philopotamidae
Membranous, T-shaped labrum
10Psychomyiidae
11Polycentropodidae
12Hydropsychidae
135) Tube-case makers -- larvae of these families
construct portable, tublar cases that enable them
to move from place to place. -- respiration is
enhanced in these families because undulating
movements of larvae create water currents inside
case (e.g. can survive at lower DO
levels). includes Limnephilidae Helicopsychi
dae Brachycentridae Calamoceratidae Seric
ostomatidae Odontoceridae Molannidae Lept
oceridae Phryganeidae Lepidostomatidae
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15Limnephilidae
16Helicopsychidae
17Brachycentridae
18Sericostomatidae
19Odontoceridae
20Molannidae
21Leptoceridae
22Phryganeidae
23Megaloptera
Fishflies and alderflies
-- Small, holometabolous order that contains 2
families Corydalidae Sialidae General
life-cycle
Spring/summer
Egg larvae pupae
winged adult
10-12 instars 30-65 mm
aquatic
terrestrial
24Corydalidae (Dobsonfly or Fishfly) -- Late
instars have very large, distinctive mandibles
but smaller larvae can resemble those of
Gyrinidae. -- Can be distinguished from
coleopterans by terminal prolegs that contain a
pair of hooks --Larvae inhabit streams/springs
with high DO -- All larvae are predaceous. 2-5 yr
life cycles
25Sialidae (Alderflies) --Larvae are
predaceous -- Found mostly in depositional
sediments of streams, ponds and lakes. -- 1-2
year cycles, similar to corydalids. -- Long,
single tail filament helps distiguish larvae from
other aquatic insects. --Eggs are laid on
overhanging leaves, twigs or bridge abuttments
similar to corydalids. --Apparently, adults do
not feed.
26Aquatic Neuroptera
Sisyridae (spongillaflies)
-- Larvae found associated with freshwater
sponges -- Occur on surface or cavity of sponge
where they use specialized stylets to pierce
sponge cells -- Most spp are multivoltine with
larvae having only 3 instar stages -- Eggs laid
on vegetation or substrate above water where they
hatch and larvae fall into stream -- Larvae have
no special adaptation to aquatic environments.
They respire through the cuticle. -- Usually
only collected by locating and collecting
freshwater sponges.
27General life-cycle of Neuroptera
1 wk
Few days
Few weeks
Eggs larvae pupa
winged adult
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