Best Management Practices for Gardens

1
Best Management Practices for Gardens
2
US Home and Garden Pesticide Expenditures 2001.
Class Millions of Total
Herbicides 631 29
Insecticides /Miticides 1,288 60
Fungicides 48 2
Other 184 9
Total 2,151
htttp//www.epa.gov/pesticides
3
US Home and Garden Pesticide Amounts Used 2001.
Class Millions of lbs. of Total
Herbicides 71 70
Insecticides /Miticides 17 17
Fungicides 12 12
Nematicides /fumigants 1 1
Other 1 1
Total 102
htttp//www.epa.gov/pesticides
4
Six Most Commonly Used Home and Garden
Pesticides. 2001
Active ingredient Type Rank Range in Million lbs
2,4D H 1 8-11
Glyphosate H 2 5-8
Pendimethalin H 3 3-6
Diazinon I 4 4-6
MCPP H 5 4-6
Carbaryl I 6 2-4
htttp//www.epa.gov/pesticides
5
Planning

• Site selection impacted by
• Trees
• Buildings
• Slope
• Drainage
• Soil quality

6
Planning

• Map your garden and keep notes
• How much of each crop will you need?
• ID-128, page 22
• Keep records
• What did you like?
• How did certain plants perform?
• Locate plants wisely
• lump perennials together
• place taller plants on the north side

7
Planning

• Soil Preparation
• Soil testing
• pH adjustment
• Fertilization
• Plowing and tilling

8
Hand-push Fertilizer Applicator

• Useful for uniform broadcast or band
  applications.
• Can uniformly apply fertilizer, lime or granular
  pesticides.

9
Rate (lb/1000 sq ft) of Agricultural Limestone
Needed to Raise Soil pH to 6.4
Water pH ------------------- Buffer pH of Sample--------------- If Buffer pH of Sample 5.5 5.7 5.9 6.1 6.3 6.5 6.7 6.9 is Unknown Water pH ------------------- Buffer pH of Sample--------------- If Buffer pH of Sample 5.5 5.7 5.9 6.1 6.3 6.5 6.7 6.9 is Unknown Water pH ------------------- Buffer pH of Sample--------------- If Buffer pH of Sample 5.5 5.7 5.9 6.1 6.3 6.5 6.7 6.9 is Unknown Water pH ------------------- Buffer pH of Sample--------------- If Buffer pH of Sample 5.5 5.7 5.9 6.1 6.3 6.5 6.7 6.9 is Unknown Water pH ------------------- Buffer pH of Sample--------------- If Buffer pH of Sample 5.5 5.7 5.9 6.1 6.3 6.5 6.7 6.9 is Unknown Water pH ------------------- Buffer pH of Sample--------------- If Buffer pH of Sample 5.5 5.7 5.9 6.1 6.3 6.5 6.7 6.9 is Unknown Water pH ------------------- Buffer pH of Sample--------------- If Buffer pH of Sample 5.5 5.7 5.9 6.1 6.3 6.5 6.7 6.9 is Unknown Water pH ------------------- Buffer pH of Sample--------------- If Buffer pH of Sample 5.5 5.7 5.9 6.1 6.3 6.5 6.7 6.9 is Unknown Water pH ------------------- Buffer pH of Sample--------------- If Buffer pH of Sample 5.5 5.7 5.9 6.1 6.3 6.5 6.7 6.9 is Unknown Water pH ------------------- Buffer pH of Sample--------------- If Buffer pH of Sample 5.5 5.7 5.9 6.1 6.3 6.5 6.7 6.9 is Unknown
4.5 320 300 280 250 220 180 150 130 180
4.7 320 300 280 240 200 170 140 120 170
4.9 310 290 260 230 190 150 130 110 160
5.1 310 290 260 220 180 130 100 80 150
5.3 300 280 240 210 160 120 90 70 130
5.5 290 270 230 190 140 100 70 60 120
5.7 280 260 220 170 120 90 60 50 100
5.9 ---- 240 200 150 100 80 50 40 80
6.1 ---- ---- 180 120 80 60 40 40 60
6.3 ---- ---- ---- 90 60 40 40 30 40
10
Lbs. of Lime/100 ft2 to Raise pH to 6.5
Soil Texture Soil Texture Soil Texture
Soil pH Sand Loam Clay
4.5 12.6 25.3 34.8
5.0 10.6 21.1 29
5.5 4.2 8.4 11.6
6.0 1.7 3.3 4.5
11
Pints of Sulfur/100 ft2 to Lower pH to an 8 Inch
Depth
Pints of Sulfur To Reduce PH to Pints of Sulfur To Reduce PH to Pints of Sulfur To Reduce PH to
Original Soil pH 4.5 5.0 5.5
Loam Loam Loam
5.5 4 2 -
6.0 5 ½ 4 2
6.5 8 5 ½ 4
12
Phosphate and Potash
Lb Fertilizer/ 1000 sq ft Soil Test Level P2O 5 K 2O Lb Fertilizer/ 1000 sq ft Soil Test Level P2O 5 K 2O Lb Fertilizer/ 1000 sq ft Soil Test Level P2O 5 K 2O
High (above 60 P, 300 K) 0-1 0-1
Medium (60-30 P,300-200 K) 1-2 1-2
Low (below 30 P, 200 K) 3-5 3-5
Nitrogen For a continuously cropped garden
area where little or no organic matter has been
added, apply 2 pounds of actual N per 1000 square
feet before planting. Following heavy grass
sod, apply 3 pounds of actual N per 1000 square
feet before plowing. Where heavy
applications of barnyard manure or compost has
been added, apply no nitrogen.
13
Guide to the Nutrient Value of Organic Materials
Material N P K Availability
Bone Meal 1 11 0 Slow
Compost 1.5 0.5 1 Slow
Dried Blood 12 1.5 0.5 Rapid
Fish Meal 10 4 0 Slow
Kelp 1 0.5 9 Rapid
14
Guide to the Nutrient Value of Organic Materials
Material N P K Availability
Fresh Manure
Cow 0.25 0.15 0.25 Medium
Horse 0.3 0.15 0.5 Medium
Sheep 0.6 0.33 0.75 Medium
Swine 0.3 0.3 0.3 Medium
Poultry 2 2 1 Rapid
15
Guide to the Nutrient Value of Organic Materials
Material N P K Availability
Peat 1.5 0.25 0.5 Slow
Miloganite 5 2-5 2 Medium
Rock Phosphate 0 25 0 slow
Urea 45 0 0 Rapid
Wood Ashes 0 1-2 3-7 rapid
16
Vegetables and Flowers benefit from A Side
Dressing with Nitrogen
Crop Amount (lbs) /100-ft row (33-0-0) Times of Application
Tomato 1 1-2 weeks before first fruit ripens 2 weeks after first picking 1 month later
Cucumber Cantalope 1 1 wk after first flower 3 wk later
Sweet corn 1 When plants 8-10 in high 1 wk after tassels appear
Potato 1 ½ After tuber formation starts
17
Vegetables and Flowers benefit from A Side
Dressing with Nitrogen
Crop Amount (lbs) /100-ft row (33-0-0) Times of Application
Peas Beans 1 After bloom and set of pods
Peppers Eggplant 1 After first fruit set
Cabbage Cauliflower Broccoli 1 3 wks after transplanting
Annual flowers 1 4-6 wks after planting
18
BSC Hand-Operated Plastic Layer

• Suitable for large garden or small truck farm.
• 2-3 ft. plastic widths
• HP 5.5 14
• Can apply drip tape at the same time.

19
Backpack Mist blower

• Fungicide, Insecticide applications.
• No agitation so premix pesticides.
• Mist blown
• 5 gal tank
• 5 hp motor

20
Shielded Herbicide Sprayer

• Battery powered.
• Concentrated herbicide
• Used primarily with RoundUp and Gramoxone.
• Post emergent to weeds.

21
Care During Growing Season

• Water
• One inch per week
• Water infrequently but thoroughly
• Application methods
• Wet the soil not the plant
• Water during the cool of the morning
• Automated systems-drip irrigation

22
Care During Growing Season

• Mulch
• Reduces water evaporation from soil surface
• Reduces soil temperature
• Reduces competition by weeds
• Types of mulch
• Organic
• Inorganic

23
Care During Growing Season

• Fertilization
• Usually only need to supplement nitrogen
  fertilization
• Fertigation (added through irrigation water)
• Sidedressing with ammonium nitrate (1/2 Tbs per
  foot of row)
• Compost and organic mulch as source of nutrients

24
Vegetable Yields and Amounts to Plant per Person
Crops Average Crop Approximate Planting per Person Expected per 100 ft Fresh Preserved Average Crop Approximate Planting per Person Expected per 100 ft Fresh Preserved Average Crop Approximate Planting per Person Expected per 100 ft Fresh Preserved
Asparagus 30 lb 10-15 plants 10-15 plants
Beans, snap bush 120 lb 15-16 ft 15-20 ft
Beans, snap pole 150 lb 5-6 ft 8-10 ft
Beans, lima bush 25 lb shelled 10-15 ft 15-20 ft
Beans, lima pole 50 lb shelled 5-6 ft 8-10 ft
Beets 150 lb 5-10 ft 10-20 ft
Broccoli 100 lb 3-5 plants 5-6 plants
Brussels Sprouts 75 lb 2-5 plants 5-8 plants
Cabbage 150 lb 3-4 plants 5-10 plants
Cabbage, Chinese 80 heads 3-10 ft ----------
(Table 1 of 5)
25
Vegetable Yields and Amounts to Plant per Person
Crops Average Crop Approximate Planting per Person Expected per 100 ft Fresh Preserved Average Crop Approximate Planting per Person Expected per 100 ft Fresh Preserved Average Crop Approximate Planting per Person Expected per 100 ft Fresh Preserved
Carrots 100 lb 5-10 ft 10-15 ft
Cauliflower 100 lb 3-5 plants 8-12 plants
Celeriac 60 lb 5ft 5 ft
Celery 180 stalks 10 stalks ------
Chard, Swiss 75 lb 3-5 plants 8-12 plants
Collards and Kale 100 lb 5-10 ft 5-10 ft
Corn, sweet 10 dozen 10-15 ft 30-50 ft
Cucumbers 120 lb 1-2 hills 3-5 hills
Eggplant 100 lb 2-3 plants 2-3 plants
Garlic 40 lb ------ 1-5 ft
(Table 2 of 5)
26
Vegetable Yields and Amounts to Plant per Person
Crops Average Crop Approximate Planting per Person Expected per 100 ft Fresh Preserved Average Crop Approximate Planting per Person Expected per 100 ft Fresh Preserved Average Crop Approximate Planting per Person Expected per 100 ft Fresh Preserved
Kohlrabi 75 lb 3-5 ft 5-10 ft
Lettuce, head 100 heads 10 ft ------
Lettuce, leaf 50 lb 10 ft ------
Muskmelons 100 fruits 3-5 hills ------
Mustard 100 lb 5-10 ft 10-15 ft
Okra 100 lb 4-6 ft 6-10 ft
Onions, plants/sets 100 lb 3-5 ft 30-50 ft
Onions, seeds 100 lb 3-5 ft 30-50 ft
Parsley 30 lb 1-3 ft 1-3 ft
Parsnips 100 lb 10 ft 10 ft
(Table 3 of 5)
27
Vegetable Yields and Amounts to Plant per Person
Crops Average Crop Approximate Planting per Person Expected per 100 ft Fresh Preserved Average Crop Approximate Planting per Person Expected per 100 ft Fresh Preserved Average Crop Approximate Planting per Person Expected per 100 ft Fresh Preserved
Peas, English 20 lb 15-20 ft 40-60 ft
Peas, Snow 20 lb 10-15 ft 30-40 ft
Peas, Southern 40 lb 10-15 ft 20-50 ft
Peppers 60 lb 3-5 plants 3-5 plants
Potatoes, Irish 100 lb 50-100 ft ------
Potatoes, Sweet 100 lb 5-10 plants 10-20 plants
Pumpkins 100 lb 1-2 hills 1-2 hills
Radishes 100 bunches 3-5 ft ------
Salsify 100 lb 5 ft 5 ft
Soybeans 20 lb 50 ft 50 ft
(Table 4 of 5)
28
Vegetable Yields and Amounts to Plant per Person
Crops Average Crop Approximate Planting per Person Expected per 100 ft Fresh Preserved Average Crop Approximate Planting per Person Expected per 100 ft Fresh Preserved Average Crop Approximate Planting per Person Expected per 100 ft Fresh Preserved
Spinach 40-50 lb 5-10 ft 10-15 ft
Squash, Summer 150 lb 2-3 hills 2-3 hills
Squash, Winter 100 lb 1-3 hills 1-3 hills
Tomatoes 100 lb 3-5 plants 5-10 plants
Turnip Greens 50-100 lb 5-10 ft ------
Turnip Roots 50-100 lb 5-10 ft 5-10ft
Watermelons 40 fruits 2-4 hills ------
(Table 5 of 5)
29
Best Management Practices for Gardens

• Pesticide use affects
• Human health
• Environment
• Non-target organisms

30
Best Management Practices for Gardens

• EPA said 100 million pounds of pesticides applied
  to homes and gardens in 2001

31
Best Management Practices for Gardens

• Integrated Pest Management is a science based
  decision making process that uses information on
• Pest biology
• Environment
• Available technology
• to manage pest problems in a way that poses
• least risks.

32
Best Management Practices for Gardens

• First step in IPM is to correctly identify
  problem
• Many abiotic problems mistaken for pests

33
Best Management Practices for Gardens

• Tactics to reduce pesticide use in home
  environment
• Select suitable environment for plant
• Sun/shade
• Moist/dry
• Soil type
• Soil pH
• Plant resistant/adapted cultivars
• Insects, diseases, drought tolerant, cold
  hardiness

34
Best Management Practices for GardensQuestions
to Consider before Applying a Pesticide

• Has pest been identified correctly
• Read pesticide label
• Is pesticide warranted
• Risks/Benefits of application
• How toxic is pesticide
• Residual activity
• Are low risk alternatives available
• Time and method of application
• How best to target pest

35
Best Management Practices for Gardens

• Do not purchase pest infested plants
• Do not predispose plants to pests
• Proper pH and fertilization
• Do not over crowd
• Avoid wet waterlogged soils
• Plant at proper time
• Rotate crops year to year
• Practice good sanitation
• Prune dead material
• Remove debris
• Control weeds

36
Best Management Practices for GardensRecommendati
ons for woody trees and shrubs

• Set at proper planting depth
• Avoid pot-bound containers
• Water adequately during establishment
• Mulch 2 in. deep
• Avoid damage to roots, stems, trunks
• Lawnmowers, weed eaters
• Prune properly at correct time

37
Best Management Practices for Gardens

• There are no True All-Purpose pesticides.

38
Gardening Information Websites That I Use

• http//webgarden.osu.edu/ (useful gardening
  information)
• http//www.ext.vt.edu/cgi-bin/htsearch (Gardening
  Pubs)
• http//www.ag.ohio-state.edu/vegnet/
  (production info)
• http//vric.ucdavis.edu/usesites/ressite.htm
  (Information Center)
• http//www.gardening.cornell.edu/ (Gardening
  Information)
• http//attra.ncat.org/attra-pub/altseed_search.php
  (organic seed)
• http//www.halcyon.com/tmend/find.htm (Heirloom
  seed)
• http//www.ansci.cornell.edu/plants/ (Poisonous
  Plants)