Ketamine: A Parents Worst Nightmare

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Ketamine A Parents Worst Nightmare

• Audience Teenagers
• By Becki Leonard

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What is the history behind Ketamine?

• Ketamine is a general anesthetic for human and
  veterinary use.
• Discovered by Dr. Cal Stevens of Wayne State
  University in 1961.
• Heavily used on the battlefields of Vietnam.
• Used for short-term surgical procedures in both
  animals and humans.
• It is sold only to hospitals and physicians.

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What are the slang terms used for Ketamine?

• Special K
• Ketalar
• Ketaject
• Ketaset
• Super-K
• The chemical or brand name for Ketamine is
  Ketamine Hydrochloride.

• K"
• Ket Kat
• Cat Valium
• Vitamin K

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• Special K exploded onto the suburban drug
  scene.
• U.S. DEA states use is at teen "rave" parties.
• In 1995 added K to its list of "emerging
  drugs.
• St. Louis, Tampa Bay, and suburban N.J. have had
  a rash of thieves hunting for Ketamine at animal
  hospitals.

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• Ketamine was first produced in 1962
• in an attempt to find a safer anesthetic
• alternative to PCP.
• The drug was first used on American
• Soldiers during the Vietnam War.
• Is often avoided now because it can cause
• unpleasant out-of-body experiences.
• It is still used widely in veterinary
• medicine and for select human applications.

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• The incidence of recreational ketamine use
• increased through the end of the century,
• especially in the context of raves and other
• parties.
• The increase in illicit use prompted
• ketamine's placement in Schedule III of the
• United States Controlled Substance Act in
• August 1999.

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• Ketamine suppresses breathing much
• less than most other available anesthetics.
• Ketamine still used in human medicine.
• Ketamine is a first-choice anesthetic for victims
  
• with unknown medical history (e.g. from traffic
• accidents), in podiatry and other minor surgery,
  
• and occasionally for the treatment of migraine.

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How is Ketamine Used?

• Special K is prepared by evaporating the liquid
  
• and grinding the residue into a powder.
• Drying of the liquid by placing the liquid on
• warming trays, pancake griddles, or cast-iron
• skillets placed on low heat.
• More recent reports describe the use of
• microwaves to achieve a fast boiling-off of the
• liquid to dry crystals.

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• There has been no reported clandestine
  manufacture of ketamine (which would be a
  difficult process).
• All of the ketamine encountered by law
  enforcement to date has been diverted from licit
  sources, burglaries of veterinary clinics being
  the most frequently reported source.

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• Special-K is usually snorted or swallowed as a
• powder or injected as a liquid intramuscularly.
  
• Sometimes, it is put on tobacco or marijuana and
• smoked.
• It is distributed as powder in small "personal
  use"
• cocaine-like bottles.
• Also in ziplock bags, capsules, or paper,
  glassine
• or aluminum 'folds', or as a liquid in small
  vials
• or bottles.
• Specialized "puff pumpers", small bottles with
• a small inhaler screw-on top designed to deliver
  
• approx. 40 mg of ketamine crystals.

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• Ketamine produces a dose-related progression of
• effects from a state of dreamy
• intoxication to delirium accompanied by the
• inability to move, feel pain or remember what
• has occurred while under the drug's influence.

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• A 10 ml vial of veterinary product containing
• one gram of ketamine sells, on average, for 100
  on the street.
• A typical street package of powder (100 - 200 mg)
  sells for about 20.
• In the past, other drugs were not usually mixed
  with ketamine, now however, MDMA, amphetamine,
  methamphetamine, cocaine, carisoprodol, and
  flunitrazepam have been encountered.

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• What are the effects of Ketamine?
• I.M. (intra-muscular injection) takes 1-5 minutes
• to take effect.
• Snorted ketamine takes 5-15 minutes.
• Depending on how much and recently one
• has eaten, oral ketamine takes 5-30 minutes to
• take effect.
• The primary effects of ketamine lasts 30-45
• minutes if injected, 45-60 minutes when
  snorted,
• and 1-2 hours if used orally.
• The DEA reports that ketamine still affects the
• body for up to 24 hours.

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What are the side effects of Ketamine?
Infrequent side effects
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Rare side effects
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• The use of Ketamine can result in profound
  physical
• and mental problems including delirium,
  amnesia,
• impaired motor function and potentially fatal
• respiratory problems.
• Panic, rage and paranoia may also occur.
• Some people feel paralyzed by the drug, have
  slurred
• speech, others feel sick or throw up.
• While using Ketamine one could injure themselves
• without even knowing it.
• Hallucinations occur without realizing it.
• Eating or drinking before taking the drug can
  cause
• vomiting.

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Two psychological difficulties for Ketamine

• Paranoia
• Egocentrism.

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• increase heart rate

Main characteristics of Ketamine is a stupor
similar to extreme drunkenness. This is commonly
known as "being in the K-hole."

• slurred speech

• paralyzed feeling

• nausea

• unable to move

• numbness

• hallucination

• impaired attention, memory and learning ability

• delirium, amnesia, impaired motor function, high
• blood pressure, depression and potentially fatal
• respiratory problems at higher doses

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• Hallucinations- it blocks chemical messengers in
• the brain that carry sensory input the brain
  fills the
• resulting void with visions, dreams, memories,
  whatever

• Visual distortions

• Lost sense of time, senses, and identity

• Euphoria

• Confusion

• Smells and tastes seem muted

• Visual perception and sense of touch are
  amplified

• May feel floaty- slightly or far away from your
  body

• Numbness in your extremities

• K Hole- comparatively similar to a near death
• experience, with the sensation of rising above
• one's body, inner peace, and radiant light.

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Can you overdose on Ketamine?

• Yes, an overdose of Ketamine will knock you out
  as
• if in an operating room.
• If repeatedly taken in large doses, Ketamine
• can induce unconsciousness and failure of the
• cardiovascular system, leading to death.
• There are at least seven Ketamine related
• deaths known nationally.

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Is Ketamine addictive?

• Yes, Ketamine can cause a tremendous
  psychological
• dependence and may be physically addicting as
  well.
• Special K is illegal and possession can result in
  
• long prison terms.