Making Prevention Work Together We Can Make a Difference

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Making Prevention Work Together We Can Make a Difference

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Title: Making Prevention Work Together We Can Make a Difference


1
"Making Prevention Work Together We Can Make a
Difference"
Michael Levine, Ph.D., FAED Department of
Psychology, Kenyon College, Gambier, OH
43022-9623 March 13, 2008, Bronte Centre
Conference Levine_at_kenyon.edu
POWERPOINTS AVAILABLE FREE at http//psychology.k
enyon.edu/levine/
2
Dr. Michael Levine
  • 1. Professor of Psychology, Kenyon College BMI
    30.4588 obese
  • 2. Ph.D. in Experimental Psychology wife has
    Ph.D. in Medieval history, teaches in Religious
    Studies and WGS and watches Dog the Bounty
    Hunter and shops at Victorias Secret
  • 3. Age 58 Really likes Pat Benatar
  • 4. No body images issues at all
  • Note Rare photo--Michael Levine
  • as assistant professor

3
Rolling with theRole Model
  • Grew up in Southern California in 1950s
  • American Idol was
  • superstar
  • Mickey Mantle
  • Alcoholic
  • Philanderer
  • Non-family man

4
GOALS AND OVERVIEW
  • Rationale for Prevention
  • 2. What is prevention?
  • 3. What are we trying to prevent?
  • 4. Levines 11 principles of preventions
  • 5. A Bolder Model of Prevention

5
Rationale forPrevention
  • Prevalence, severity vs. person-power shortage
  • Multifaceted health promotion
  • Evidence - sociocultural basis
  • Gender and development
  • Historical aspects (Silverstein Perlick, 1995)
  • Other social changes in the
  • USA (e.g., womens athletics)

6
Pervasive, Unhealthy ImpactUSA, Canada, UK,
Australia
  • Prevalence of eating disorders (0-4)
  • Prevalence of disordered eating (2-5)
  • Prevalence of negative body image and unhealthy
    dieting/nutrition (10-15, chronic)
  • Use and abuse of steroids and supplements (2-5)
  • Correlates of negative body image and
    calorie-restrictive dieting e.g., depression,
    binge-eating
  • Rates of obesity for older children and
    adolescents nearing 20

7
Prevention, Knowledge, and Research
If you want to truly understand something, try
to change it
  • - Kurt Lewin (1890-1947)
  • (no date/source, as quoted in)
  • APA Policy and Planning Board.
  • (2007). Who cares about APA
  • Policy and does it have an impact?
  • American Psychologist, 62, 491-503.

8
Some Things are Like PreventionHard to
Understand How it Could Happen,But It Needs to
be Done
Bring it!
9
Prevention is Primary
  • Praevenire Latin - come before, anticipate,
    and/or
  • forestall What are
    waiting for?
  • 1. Evading or forestalling development of
    psychological disorder or unhealthy behavior
  • 2. Protect and extend current states of health
    and effective functioning
  • 3. Promoting greater well-being and more
    effective coping to strengthen resilience in the
    event of predictable or unforeseen stressors

10
Types of Prevention
  • --------------------------------------------------
    -----------------------------------------------
    Focus IOM Terminology
    Caplan (1964) Examples

  • --------------------------------------------------
    ------------------------------------------
  • Large groups - Universal prevention
    Primary Laws regulating
  • healthy people (public health prevention)
    advertising of
    diets
  • Smaller groups - Selective prevention
    Primary Programs for
  • NS but HR
    children
    entering


  • elite ballet schools
  • Small groups - Indicated or Targeted
    Secondary Programs for
  • Very HR - prevention

    women with
  • clear precursors

    severe weight


  • concerns
  • --------------------------------------------------
    -----------------------------------

11
Remind Me (Again, Maybe)What Does Nervosa
Mean?
  • In the 1870s, why wasnt AN called Anorexica
    Hysterica?
  • Why isnt Panic Disorder called Asthmatica
    Nervosa?
  • Why do Anorexia Nervosa and Bulimia Nervosa share
    a Nervosa?
  • What is the shared Nervosa?

12
OK I Dont Really Know Exactly Nervosa Means?
  • Underlying psychological characteristics
    Underlying psycho path ology
  • Shared Features Psychological
  • Undue influence of weight and shape, and control
    of same, on self-concept and identity
  • Irrational attitudes (beliefs, feelings,
    behaviors, resistance) in regard to fat and
    fat people
  • Glorification of and internalization of
    impossible ideals
  • Low and unstable self-esteem (sometimes
    accompanied by musts and shoulds)

13
OK So Maybe I Kinda, Like, Know What Nervosa
Means?
  • Shared Features Psychological
  • Negative body image
  • Disconnections from emotions and
  • feelings such as anger and fatigue
  • Objectification of self and others
  • disconnection from same

14
Preventing What? And What Does Nervosa Mean,
Anyway?
  • Prevention will failand may well be harmfulif
    it concentrates solely on the definition of
    clinical syndromes, the portrayal of fascinating
    cases, and the dangers of disordered eating.
  • The issue is the cost to individuals and
    society of set of issues, each of which (1)
    relates to negative body image and disordered
    eating and (2) could be seen spectrum or
    continuum
  • negative body image internalization
    of impossible ideals
  • self-objectification drive for
    thinness/leanness
  • fear of fat unhealthy weight
    management
  • shaky self-esteem chaotic
    (including binge-) eating
  • compensatory extremes of
    activity/exercise
  • extremes (perfectionism)

15
Interlocking Spectra or Helices of Disordered
Eating
Internalization of Impossible Ideals
Shaky Self-Esteem Compensation
Negative Body Image
16
Levines Recommended Principles of Truly Primary
Prevention
  • 1. The issue for prevention is us and our
    cultures, not them and their eating disorders
    or their obesity. Thus we must think
    contextually and in terms of how each member of
    the community can contribute

17
Principle 1 (continued) Levines
Wrestle-maniaCorrelation does not imply
Causality, But. . . .
1904 American Greeting Cards
2005
  • Pronounced gender difference in body image issues
    and disordered eating (8-101)
  • Developmental and historical risk points
  • The normative discontent
  • Hows that War on Obesity
  • workin out for ya?
  • Emergence of body image problems steroid abuse
    among males

18
Do You Think Barbie Still Dreams of Ken?
Barbie Ken (1950s)
Michael Levine as undergraduate in The Iliad
(1968)
Spawn
19
Principle 2 Prevention and treatment are not
just a female issue they are a community
issue that involves boys and men in various ways.
Head Optional Whatever. . .
  • Blue Oyster Cult Syndrome (BOCS) Im Burning
    for You.

20
Challenge in the Differences
  • AN BN are rare
  • Males are less concerned about weight
  • Body talk and fat talk are less normative
  • Pubertal challenge is different
  • Tricky issues of threatened masculinity
  • Increased risk among gay men

21
The New Creation-ismAn evolving theory of
magic and hope
22
The Adonis Ideal
  • Mesomorphic ideal
  • Men are defined by size, power, and strength
  • Lean muscular attractive
  • muscularity manly success
  • muscularity health

All Muscle except for Fat in Head
23
An Even GreaterAmerican Hero
24
Youll Always Be the Object of My Attention
25
Principle 3 Targeted Prevention is important --
but its not the only or even the principal answer
  • Universal-selective programs can be useful with
    older adolescents. Nevertheless, as children and
    young adolescents get older, one is more likely
    to be addressing and identifying participants who
    already show body image or eating problems and
    hence are appropriate audiences for
    selective-targeted prevention.

26
Principle 3 Targeted Prevention is important --
but its not the only or even the principal
answerA Simplified Look at the Rose Paradox
(Austin, 2001 Rose, 1995)
  • Number Risk - Disorder N___
  • 10,000 High
    12 1200
  • 90,000 Lower
    2 1800
  • 100,000 total Low-mod? 3
    3000

27
Sometimes it is Hard to Love the One Body
Youre With
28
Pervasive Messages--Multiple Sources
  • Health professionals
  • Parents
  • Educators
  • Mass media
  • Books
  • Peers
  • Citizens

29
Principle 4 Prevention must be guided by a
Sociocultural Perspective Sociocultural
variables are causal factors in the development
of risk factors (for eating problems and eating
disorders
  • Negative body image
  • Weight concerns
  • Thinness and/or
  • muscularity/leanness
  • schema

Sociocultural Factors or Pressures
Continuum of Clinically Significant Disordered
Eating
Parents
Parents
Peers
  • Negative affect
  • Negative self- concept
  • Ego deficits
  • Emotional instability
  • History of overweight
  • Impulsive or SS

Media
Other (School, Athletics)
30
What A Sociocultural Perspective Is (Smolak,
Levine, Murnen, 2006)
  • Focuses on socially constructed or culturally
    endorsed variables
  • A transactional approach
  • Culture will determine what is ideal for whom and
    how to attain it
  • Culture will determine what is normative (even if
    unhealthy) and pathological (templates of
    deviance)
  • There will be within- and across-group
    differences based on exposure to various
    sociocultural factors

31
A Sociocultural Perspective Does Not
  • Deny any role for genetics or neurobiology as
    important but not the only important sources
    of individual differences in vulnerability
  • Minimize the seriousness of full-blown eating
    disorders, nor fail to make any distinctions
    between different types or levels of disordered
    eating
  • Expect that one model of risk will fit all
    cultures or both genders or all ages

32
What About the Rarity of EDs?A Look at Risk
Factors Probability (Hanson, 2004)
  • If there were 4 (relatively) independent risk
    factors for bulimia nervosa, then to achieve a
    population frequency of .02 (the point
    prevalence), each would have to occur at a
    frequency of .38 in the population, because .38
    to the 4th power (.384) .0208.
  • The factors that lead to schizophrenia, as Dr.
    Gottesman taught us, are multiple. These factors
    must be quite common in the population and thus
    are not necessarily abnormal. We need to get
    out of our mindset of searching for abnormal
    schizophrenia genes and broaden our view to look
    at normal individual genetic variation in
    conjunction with exposure to common environmental
    agents (p. 214)

33
Principle 4 continued - Taking on the Hydra
  • Weightist prejudice
  • Object-ification
  • Identity as a Double Bind
  • Insecurity trap gt
  • Perfection
  • Abandonment

Note cool picture of Hydra
34
The Real F-Word
  • You look great,
  • youve put on fat!

35
Us Weekly The Hyprocritic OathEasily Extracted
Messages
  • WEIGHTISM
  • Prejudice
  • Vilification of fat
  • fat people,
  • especially females
  • Glorification of slenderness

36
Fat People Spoil the Environment
  • Fat people lack self-control
  • Fat people are neurotic and overeat for
    psychological reasons
  • Weight and shape are highly malleable
  • Fat and weight make you sick thin is healthier
  • Fat people cannot be physically fit
  • Fat people need to diet, and fatter people need
    to diet a lot (more)

37
Beauty Standards1940s 1950s
38
Beauty Standards 1950s - 1960s
39
Beauty Standards1970s 1980s
40
Beauty Standards 1990s
41
Beauty Standards 2003
42
But. . . But. . . But What?
43
Summer 2004 Still the Objectof My Gaze (and
Your Own?)
44
No, Really You are Still the Objectof My Gaze
(and Your Own?) 2005
  • Bad Ad Contest Winner for 2005, New Mexico
    Media Literacy Project
  • www.mnmlp.org
  • Submitted by Max Africk. Isidore Newman
    School, New Orleans LATeacher Ann Sayas

Open Season Advertisement for __________?
Everybody wants a piece of Dentyne Gum
45
Easily Extracted Messages VIII But. . . But
When Tempted To Overindulge (1930)
We do not say smoking Luckies reduces flesh. We
do say that when tempted to overindulge, reach
for a Lucky instead.
46
I know weve come a long way were changing
day-to-day
Woman 112 lbs Body wt 111 lbs Pantsuit 1 lb
BMI at 58 is 16.9
47
Return to Gender Address Well Known
48
A Recent Media-Based Ericksonian Pscyhosocial
Stage Identity Diffused and Refused and Suffused
Head Optional
49
Identity Diffused and Refused and Suffused
(continued ad nauseum)
Any culture that treats its women as children
and its children as women is going to have major
problems with images, bodies, and body images
(Smolak Levine, 1990s)
50
Principle 5 Education is a Foundation, not a
Danger
  • Content
  • The Clash
  • Critical analysis
  • Gender and identity
  • Health and performance ? well-being
  • Action and activism
  • Media and cultural literacy
  • Processes
  • Dialogue
  • Discovery
  • Teaching
  • Social norms
  • Integration

51
Principle 6 The Ecological Necessity ofHealth
Promoting Schools
  • School ethos
  • School curriculum
  • School-community partnerships

52
Implications of Current ResearchAn Ecological
Perspective means that we can learn a great deal
from the prevention of cigarette smoking and
other substance use/abuse
  • Engaging students
  • Normative expectations
  • Critical thinking
  • Life Skills
  • Peer involvement
  • School policies
  • classroom work
  • Community
  • programming

53
Goldberg et al. (2000) The Adolescents Training
Learning to Avoid Steroids (ATLAS) Program
  • Education, media literacy, media advocacy,
    refusal skills, nutrition strength training
  • HS football players (vs. controls) 1 year FU
  • -- greater knowledge (exercise, AS)
  • -- less investment in images of use
  • -- less intent to use
  • -- less new use
  • -- saw coaches as less tolerant
  • ATHENA for girls
  • http//www.ohsu.edu/hpsm/atlas.html

54
Principle 7 Raging Against Cultures Machines
will be Challenging because it inevitably means
confronting and challenging pervasive ecological
messages Gender, Class, Race, and Power
  • Womens bodies belong to men
  • A woman of substance and power
  • is a frightening, ugly thing
  • Success is narrowly defined and it
  • means being up to date and stylish
  • Diversity in physical appearance and
  • in culture is undesirable
  • Women must negotiate dramatic changes in
    cultures--and do it in a quiet, pleasing way

55
Principle 8 Everyday Acts of Rebellion and
Machine-Focused Raging (MFR) Take
OvariesCulture change requires a
critical/analytic perspective, attention to
social justice, and activism--and thus it
requires dialogue, collaboration, and courage.
  • This cause is not altogether and exclusively
    womens cause. It is the cause of human
    brotherhood as well as human sisterhood, and both
    must rise and fall together. Woman cannot be
    elevated without elevating man, and man cannot be
    depressed without depressing woman also.
  • - Frederick Douglas
  • 1848

56
Principle 8 Prevention and Education requires
a critical/analytic perspective, attention to
social justice, and activism--and thus it
requires dialogue, collaboration, and courage.
Mae Jemison, M.D. First African American Astronaut
  • Elizabeth Cady Stanton
  • 1815-1902
  • Reformer.

57
Collaboration is Key OR How Many Levines Does
It Take to Change A Culture?
Michael - Ohio
Paula- Miami, FL
Richard Hershey, PA
58
Principle 9 The 5 Cs of Preventionafter
Sigall Pabst, 2000
  • - Consciousness-raising
  • - Competence
  • - Connection
  • - Change
  • - Choices

59
Cultural Literacy, the Critical Perspective, and
Prevention
Sociocultural influences
Unhealthy Messages
Negative Effects
Consciousness- raising Choice
Competence Connection Change
  • Analysis
  • Fair?
  • Function?
  • Who benefits?

Activism Advocacy
60
Its Time to Dream Envisioning An Example of
Ecological Change
  • Mental Health Association
  • Education
  • Advocacy
  • Prevention
  • Peers
  • Decreasing teasing
  • objectification
  • Collaboration
  • Social marketing

Microsystems
Exosystems
  • Religious Organizations
  • Self-respect
  • Tolerance
  • Health
  • Leadership and
  • service
  • Youth Organizations
  • (e.g., Scouts, 4-H)
  • Peer leadership training
  • Programs with awards
  • Media literacy for adults

61
Easily Extracted MessagesIndulge a Little
62
Principle 10 - Multifaceted Health
PromotionPrevention of negative body image and
disordered eating can be integrated with the
prevention of obesity On Shared Ground
  • Body dissatisfaction ?life dissatisfaction
  • Disturbances of interoceptive awareness
  • Unhealthy dieting
  • Maladaptive weight management
  • Binge-eating and chaotic food consumption
  • Inadequate nutrition
  • Dealing with culture(s) and cultural change
  • Unhealthy relationships with media and
    activity/exercise

63
Multifaceted Health PromotionNegative body
image, disordered eating, and obesity On
shared ground HAES Philosophy (Robison, 2003)
  • Self and diversity acceptance, supported
    supported by people who care about you as a whole
    person
  • Enjoying physical activity and a more active
    lifestyle in accord-ance with needs and rights
  • Making more peaceful, social, and celebratory
    relationships with nutritious, nourishing food
  • Living better through critical consciousness and
    everyday acts of rebellion

64
Culture and Body Image
  • Somebody ought to do something

65
Principle 11 --Implications of a Sociocultural
Perspective A Bolder Model of Prevention
(Irving, 1999)
  • "Each of us must be the change we want to see
    in the world
  • - Mohandas K. Gandhi
  • Personal
  • Professional
  • Political

Maine (2000) see www.gurze.com
66
A Bolder Model of Prevention (Irving,
1999 Levine, Piran, Stoddard, 1999 Levine
Smolak, 2006 Maine, 2000 Piran, 2001 Sigall
Pabst, 2005)


5 Components of Effective Prevention
Cultural Literacy

Personal

Collaboration Consciousness-Raising Competencies
Choices and Changes adapted from gender
literacy work of Sigall Pabst
Awareness Analysis Activism and
Advocacy Access (e.g., to media)

Professional
Political
You must be the change You wish to see in the
world - Ghandi
67
Implications of a Sociocultural Perspective
Critical Reflection Life-LongLiteracy
  • A democratic civilization will save itself only
    if it makes the language of the image into a
    stimulus for critical reflection--not an
    invitation for hypnosis

-- Umberto Eco
Quotation appropriated from Media Education
Foundation
Quotation appropriated from Media Education
Foundation
68
Media Literacy and the 5 As The Cycle -- from
GO GIRLS!TM www.nationaleatingdisorders.org
Embedded in a Sociocultural Context...
Critical Awareness Analysis in a Relational
Context
Fat is bad/ Thin is good
Unhealthy relationship to food
Consciousness-raising through Connection Competenc
ies Choices for Change
Actions May involve gaining Access to mass media
Competition between women
Rigid, limited gender roles
Advocacy Access Including actions taken USING
media
Activism Including actions taken TOWARD media
69
One Person in a Small Town Can Begin the Process
of Making a Difference
  • A great model an ongoing narrative of
    courage, resistance, and change is the Red
    Wing, MN non-profit organization described at
    Higherself.com, which grew out of the GO GIRLSTM
    program guided by
  • Sarah Stinson
  • High school girls who have
  • Protested
  • Taught
  • Advocated
  • Testified in the US congress
  • Formed a non-profit corporation

70
Conclusions
  • Prevention is absolutely necessary
  • There is evidence to support the effectiveness of
    prevention efforts
  • There is no single approach that works but
    theory and evidence point to the value of a
    Critical Social Perspective and the 5 Cs of
    Prevention

71
Conclusions
  • An ecological perspective Absolutely necessary,
    bewilderingly absent
  • There is help for this effort in the fields of
    psychology and public health (e.g., substance
    abuse prevention)
  • Selective-targeted (more secondary) prevention
    is, thus far, more efficacious (i.e., has better
    outcomes) than universal-selective (more primary)
    prevention, but it cannot be the answer
  • Prevention is potentially harmful if done poorly,
    but so is wood-working, therapy, medicine,
    marriage. . . .
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