Brown Goods and PC Competitor Analysis: Toshiba

1
Brown Goods and PC Competitor Analysis Toshiba
CONFIDENTIAL

• SAMSUNG ELECTRONICS CHINA (SEC China)

August 20, 2001
This report is solely for the use of client
personnel. No part of it may be circulated,
quoted, or reproduced for distribution outside
the client organization without prior written
approval from McKinsey Company. This material
was used by McKinsey Company during an oral
presentation it is not a complete record of the
discussion.
2
OVERVIEW OF COMPETITOR ANALYSIS FRAMEWORK
1. Background information
4. Value chain strategy

• Location
• Registered capital
• Managementteam
• Equitystructure

• Focus on
• Marketing, advertising and promotion
• Distribution (channel and sales force)

• Starting year
• Number of employees
• Era analysis

5. Organization and ownership
2. Strategy

• Organization structure
• Ownership structure

• Mission
• Vision
• Corporate strategy

6. Financial performance
3. Product/market

• Sales
• Profit

• Key product offerings
• Market position

3
BACKGROUND INFORMATION
1. Background information
4. Value chain strategy

• Location
• Registered capital
• Managementteam
• Equitystructure

• Focus on
• Marketing, advertising and promotion
• Distribution (channel and sales force)

• Starting year
• Number of employees
• Era analysis

5. Organization and ownership
2. Strategy

• Organization structure
• Ownership structure

• Mission
• Vision
• Corporate strategy

6. Financial performance
3. Product/market

• Sales
• Profit

• Key product offerings
• Market position

4
BACKGROUND INFORMATION TOSHIBA
(As of September 30, 2000)
1875 by Hisashige Tanaka
Established
Tadashi Okamura
President CEO
US51,578 million
Total Assets
Shareholders Equity US10,054
million
Number of employees 190,000
worldwide
Domestic Plants, Branches Offices And Other
Facilities
Production facilities 25 Branch offices
35 Sales offices 23
Overseas Plants, Branches Offices and Other
Facilities
Offices 10 Manufacturing companies
42 Subsidiaries affiliates 72
Source Toshiba website, Lit search
5
BACKGROUND INFORMATION DALIAN TOSHIBA
TELEVISION, LTD
Location
Dalian, Liaoning Province
Starting year
1996
Registered Capital
US30 million
Products 21 34 color TV (CRT,
Projection, Flat)
Unit Sold color TV 1 million sets,
50 export (Year 2000)
Number of employees 2,000
Joint Venture Partners
Type
Foreign Juristic Person's Shares

• Toshiba

Foreign Juristic Person's Shares

• Toshiba (China) Co.

Domestic Juristic Person's Shares

• Dalian Daxian (Group) Co., Ltd.

Source Company website, Lit search
6
TOSHIBAS CORPORATE MANAGEMENT TEAM
iValue Creation Company CEO Tsutomu Kawada
e-Solutions Company CEO Hiroo Okuhara
Corporate project
Social Infrastructure Systems Company CEO
Tsuyoshi Kimura
Digital Media Network Company CEO Atsutoshi
Nishida
Corporate staff
Mobile Communications Company CEO Tetsuya
Mizoguchi
Power Systems Services Company CEO Toshiyuki
Oshima
Semiconductor Company CEO Takeshi Nakagawa
President CEO Tadashi Okamura
Display Devices Components Company CEO
Eisaburo Hamano
Corporate support services
Medical Systems Company CEO Masamichi Katsurada
Home Appliances Company CEO Makoto Nakagawa
Source Company Report, Lit search
7
HISTORY OF TOSHIBA
Source Company website, Literature Search
8
TOSHIBAS DEVELOPMENT WENT THROUGH THREE STAGES
1875-1939
1939-1978
1978- PRESENT
Becoming Industry Leader
Meeting worldwide competition
Business Building
Organization structure Corporate
strategy Product Development Technology

• Two Japanese electrical equipment manufacturers
  merged in 1939 to create Toshiba.
• Technological innovation accounted for the
  companies successes. One of the founders was the
  so-called Edison of Japan.
• Main products included transformers, electric
  motors, light bulbs, radio receivers, and
  cathode-ray tubes.

• The company grew rapidly and became a market
  leader in the electrical and electronic industry.
  However, the organization became more
  bureaucratic.
• The company continued to be innovative in the
  early years, producing many firsts in the
  industry. However, It lost its innovator image in
  the 70s .
• Numerous leading products in the electrical and
  electronics areas. Examples includes Japans
  first vacuum cleaner, first fluorescent lamp,
  first radar, etc.

• Toshiba shifted direction by investing heavily in
  IT segment. The organization became increasingly
  global, employing 190,000 employees world-wide
  with annual sales over 5 trillion.
• IT focus, diversification, innovation and
  globalization are four key elements of Toshibas
  corporate strategy.
• Toshiba is intensively focusing on IT-related
  business (i.e. telecom and internet), meanwhile,
  leveraging its legacy businesses to generate
  stable income

Source Literature Search McKinsey Analysis
9
DEVELOPMENT OF DALIAN TOSHIBAS TV BUSINESS IN
CHINA
1996-1997
1998-2000
2001
Establishing Leadership in PJTV Market
Becoming Toshibas Key Global TV Production Base
Business Building
Key initiative Key results

• Founded as a joint venture in 1996, construction
  was completed in 1997.
• Conducted accurate market forecast and
  implemented just in order inventory management.
• Inventory turn-over less than two days.
• Made profit the next year.

• Focused on high profit margin PJTV segment, and
  competed on technology, service and management
  rather than price.
• Strengthened customer service
• Revenue and profit grew 50 annually. Became the
  No. 1 market share leader in PJTV segment.

• Toshiba decided to relocate its digital TV
  production to Dalian and invested 300 million to
  expand capacity from one million units to 1.5
  million units
• exported 800,000 units to Japan.

Source Literature Search McKinsey Analysis
10
TOSHIBA WILL FURTHER INVEST IN IT INDUSTRY IN
CHINA
Background information
Source literature research, interview
Source Literature research, interview
11
TOSHIBA IS THE LEADING PLAYER IN NOTEBOOK MARKET
BOTH IN CHINA AND GLOBALLY
Era analysis of Toshiba in Notebook
Time
Key milestones
1985 1990 1993 1994 1999 2000
Introduced the first notebook in the
world Introduced STN notebook Introduced color
TFT notebook Introduced Pentium-empowered
notebook Ranked number one in China notebook
market for 4 years Ranked number one in world
wide notebook market for 7 years
Source literature research, interview
12
STRATEGY
1. Background information
4. Value chain strategy

• Location
• Registered capital
• Managementteam
• Equitystructure

• Focus on
• Marketing, advertising and promotion
• Distribution (channel and sales force)

• Starting year
• Number of employees
• Era analysis

5. Organization and ownership
2. Strategy

• Organization structure
• Ownership structure

• Mission
• Vision
• Corporate strategy
• Market position

6. Financial performance
3. Product /market

• Sales
• Profit

• Key product offerings

13
TOSHIBAS MISSION AND VISION
Corporate mission We, the Toshiba Group
companies, based on our total commitment to
people and to the future, are determined to help
create a higher quality of life for all people,
and to do our part to help ensure that progress
continues within the world community"
Corporate vision To grow with excellence as the
leading-edge, internet-ready enterprise globally
by accelerating innovation with agility, and to
create a 21st century of success hand in hand
with our customers"
Source Company website, Lit search.
14
THREE STRATEGIES PROPEL TOSHIBA TO BECOME A
GLOBAL HI-TECH LEADER IN THE NEW MELLIMUM

• Accelerate the speed of innovation
• Management Innovation (MI2001) is a major
  initiative being promoted throughout Toshiba
  Group. It is aimed at advancing creative
  destruction and competitive superiority

Toshiba as a leading-edge, internet-ready global
leader in hi-tech

• Champion market-centric management
• Customer Relationship Management and Supply Chain
  Management systems will be deployed to cover
  company-wide operations.

• Be internet-ready
• Digital Manufacturing, a new system, will be
  introduced throughout the Toshiba Group
• An IT infrastructure for collaborative
  engineering will be established

Source Lit search, external interviews
Toshiba Annual Report
15
ASSESSMENT OF TOSHIBA'S CURRENT STRATEGIC
POSITION SWOT
Strengths
Weaknesses

• Broad and diversified product portfolio
• Strong presence in Asia
• Strong RD and manufacturing capabilities

• Less customer focused
• Weak brand name in cutting-edge information
  technologies
• Unbalanced global presence

Opportunities
Threats

• Global digital convergence
• Emerging technologies, i.e., Internet, 3G
• China joining WTO opens doors to foreign companies

• Bureaucratic management style
• Its core semiconductor business is a cyclical
  commodity business
• Behind the curve in key IT developments

16
THERE ARE TWO SUCCESSFUL MODELS IN THE CHINA CTV
MARKET, DALIAN TOSHIBA FOLLOWS THE SONY MODEL
The Konka Model
The Sony Model

• Capital intensive, aggressive growth through
  economies of scale in manufacturing and in the
  sales force
• From 1993 to 1998 Konka acquired TV
  manufacturers North east Du Dan Jian, San Xi, An
  Suo, Chong Qing factories to bulk up
• Grew capacity by 2 million units from 1993 to
  1998
• Through economics of scale and aggressive pricing
  Konka was able to grow market share from 3 to
  11 from 1995 to 2000

• Zero in on the high end, high profit segment of
  CRT TV market with a strong brand able to command
  price premiums
• Not in a strong presence in unit market share,
  but the top brand when consumers respond for the
  brand quality and reliability
• Corporate philosophy unwilling to sacrifice
  profits for larger market share (vast different
  from Chinese players)
• Future target focused on higher end, cutting edge
  technology TVs e.g. PJTV, Digital TV, LCD and PDP
  which have significantly higher profit margins.

Source Lit search, McKinsey analysis
17
TOSHIBA SHIFTS ITS STRATEGIC FOCUS TO APPLICATION
SOLUTION AND CUSTOMER SERVICE IN CHINA NOTEBOOK
MARKET
Toshiba notebook strategy in China
Mission
To be the most responsible IT product application
solution and service provider
Strategy evolvement
Time
Strategic focus
1996 1997 1998 1999

• Product itself
• Channel development
• Application
• Customer service

2000

• VIP certification focusing on core customers
• Channel development into 2nd tier geographies
• Application solution of "mobile office" concept

Toshiba notebook strategy in China
is co-developed by Digital China, Toshibas
exclusive notebook chief-distributor in
China Source literature research, interview
18
PRODUCT/MARKET
1. Background information
4. Value chain strategy

• Location
• Registered capital
• Managementteam
• Equitystructure

• Focus on
• Marketing, advertising and promotion
• Distribution (channel and sales force)

• Starting year
• Number of employees
• Era analysis

5. Organization and ownership
2. Strategy

• Organization structure
• Ownership structure

• Mission
• Vision
• Corporate strategy

6. Financial performance
3. Product /market

• Sales
• Profit

• Key product offerings
• Market position

19
TOSHIBAS GLOBAL NET SALES BY BUSINESS SEGMENT
Yea 2000 ( billion)
Others 473
Information Communications Industrial Systems
1,858
Home Appliances 660
Electronic Devices Components 1,477
Digital Media 1,518
Power Systems 571
Source Toshiba web site, Lit Search
20
DALIAN TOSHIBA's KEY TV PRODUCT OFFERINGS
Color TVs (inch, model no.)

• Projection TV Series 43 61
• 61D9UXC
• 50D9UXC
• 43D9UXC
• 50D8UXC
• 43D8UXC

• Flat TV Series 21 34
• 34D8UXC
• 34D6DC
• 29D8UXC
• 29D6DC
• 29D3XC
• 25D6XC
• 21AF6C

• CRT TV Series 21 29
• 29D2DC
• 29D2XC
• 25D2XC
• 25E3DC3
• 21D2NC

Source Company website, Lit search
21
DALIAN TOSHIBAS MARKET POSITION IN CHINAS
CONVENTIONAL CRT TV MARKET NO. 5 MARKET SHARE
LEADER
Market share by sales,
100
100
Key trends
Rationale
Others
Rowa
1.9
2.0
LG

• Top five players in the market Changhong, TCl,
  Konka, Hisense, Skyworth,controlled 41.6 of the
  market in 1999 grew to 43.7 in 2000
• Local players increased market share from 65 in
  1999 to 67 in 2000

Panda

• Industry undergoes further consolidation
• Foreign players lose market share to local players

Jinxing
Skyworth-RGB
Xoceco
Philips
Haier
Panasonic
Hisense
Toshiba
TCL
Changhong
Konka
Sony
1999
2000
Source GFK, McKinsey Analysis, External
interviews Konka, Sony, Toshiba
22
DALIAN TOSHIBAS MARKET POSITION IN CHINAS PJTV
MARKET NO. 1 MARKET SHARE LEADER
Market share by sales Percent
Key trends
Rationale

• Established MNCs, Toshiba, Sony will continue to
  dominate market
• Local players start establishing themselves by
  2005

• High-end producers with superior technology in
  pixel resolution and brightness
• Local players expected to acquire key PJTV
  technologies as of 2003
• As comparison, Changhong alone now controls 20
  of large screen CRTV market, local players likely
  to gain similar share in PJTV market

Local (Konka Changhong, etc)
100
100
Other MNCs
Hitachi
Panasonic
Samsung
Sony
Toshiba
1999
2000
Source GFK, internal interview, literature
search, external interviews Sony, Panasonic,
Toshiba
23
PJTV PLAYERS STRENGTHS AND WEAKNESSES
Company
Strengths/weaknesses
Toshiba

• Strong brand name
• Aggressive sales and marketing

Sony

• No. 1 brand name
• Premium market with highest industry profits

Samsung

• Strong quality in resolution and brightness
• Solid position in the market
• Comparable technology with Japanese counterparts

Other MNCs Panasonic, Philips, etc.

• Possess the technology, but yet to establish
  themselves in market

Local companies TCL, Konka, Hinsense, Haier,
Changhong

• Lack the key technologies for PJTV components
  tubes and screen
• Low-end brand have resulted in low sales volume
• Will fill up the technology gap by about 2003

Source Lit search, McKinsey analysis
24
TOSHIBA HAS A FULL-LINE PROUCT OFFERING IN
NOTEBOOK, COVERING LOW-END TO PREMIUM SEGMENT
Key product offerings

• Satellite Series 2800 (13.3", 14.1", 15.0")
• Portege Series (7220CT, 3480CT, 3490CT)
• Tecra Series (8100H, 8000J, 8200)
• Satellite 1750 (13.3")
• New satellite 2800 (13.3", 14.1",15.0")
• Satellite Pro 4600 (13.3", 14.1", 15.0")
• New Satellite Pro 4600 (14.1")
• Satellite 3000 (13.3")

Source Literature research
Source literature research
25
TOSHIBA IS STRONG IN EDUCATION, LARGE AND MEDIUM
BUSINESS, BUT PARTICULARLY WEAK IN GOVERNMENT
Sales by customer segments Percent of units
shipment (000s), 2000
100
73
484
Small office
3.8
3.5
3.7
Home
Education
Small business
Large business
Medium business
Government
Toshiba
Market average
Source IDC
26
TOSHIBA IS GENERALLY A MEDIUM TO HIGH-END PLAYER,
PARTICULARLY STRONG IN USD 2.5-3.5K PRICE BRAND
Sales by customer segments Percent of units
shipment (M), 2000
Toshiba's market share
100
0.11
0.12
0.17
0.08
Others
0.1
0.1
1.4
Founder
Dell
3.5
0.7
Acer
2.2
Toshiba
IBM
0.9
Legend
Low(0-2k)
Medium (2-2.5k)
High (2.5-3.5k)
Premium (gt3.5K)
Source IDC
27
VALUE CHAIN STRATEGY
1. Background information
4. Value chain strategy

• Location
• Registered capital
• Managementteam
• Equitystructure

• Focus on
• Marketing, advertising and promotion
• Distribution (channel and sales force)

• Starting year
• Number of employees
• Era analysis

5. Organization and ownership
2. Strategy

• Organization structure
• Ownership structure

• Mission
• Vision
• Corporate strategy

6. Financial performance
3. Product/market

• Sales
• Profit

• Key product offerings
• Market position

28
TOSHIBA CHINA TV BUSINESS HAS A PRODUCT LINE
ORIENTED VALUE DELIVERY SYSTEM
Digital Media Network Co.
Dalian Toshiba TV Co.
Digital media

• Toshiba Digital Media Network Company is
  responsible for Color TV RD

• Dalian Toshiba and its 4 subsidiaries in Dalian,
  Beijing, Shanghai and Guangzhou are responsible
  for marketing and sales

• Dalian Toshiba is responsible for TV production.
  30 parts come from China

• Dalian Toshiba primarily uses sales forces in its
  four subsidiaries to sell TV products directly to
  retailers. It also uses distributors in certain
  regions such as Chongqing.

• Toshiba (China) helped set up the after-sales
  service network, and Dalian Toshiba is running
  the network and responsible for PNL.

Source Literature Search, Konka web site, team
analysis
29
DALIAN TOSHIBAS TV DISTRIBUTION CHANNEL
Dalian Toshiba TV Co. Manufacturing Plant
Consumers
Retailers Hyper/super-market 10 Designated
Stores 25 Dept. Stores 30 Specialty Stores
35
Dalian Subsidiary Beijing Subsidiary Shanghai
Subsidiary Guangzhou Subsidiary
70
Subsidiary Sales Force
30
Distributors
Source McKinsey Literature Search, external
interviews, McKinsey analysis
30
TOSHIBA ADOPTS THE NATIONAL CHIEF-DISTRIBUTOR
PRACTICE IN NOTEBOOK BUSNIESS IN CHINA
OEM
Digital China
Toshiba
Toshiba
Toshiba SH
Dealers
Toshiba SH

• Toshiba RD

• Toshiba SH
• OEM Renbao, a Taiwanese OEM player
• Digital China

• Digital China (for Toshiba notebook only)
• Toshiba

• Digital China
• Centralize key accounts across different products
• Centralize SI for key accounts (banking, tax)
• Be in charge of channel develop-ment and
  management

• Digital China
• Major responsibility
• Toshiba SH factory
• Parts' inventory
• Ancillary hotline

Source interview
31
TOSHIBA HAS POSITIONED CHINA AS A KEY RD BASE
RD

• Three-layer structure of Toshiba RD
• First layer focusing on technology trends in the
  next 3-5 years
• Second layer focusing on multi-media technology
  and technology trends in the next 2-3 years
• Third layer focusing on product development
• Toshiba RD in China
• Established "RD department" in Beijing, April
  2001
• Plan to develop it into "Toshiba (China) RD
  center in October 2001 which will be the third
  overseas RD center of Toshiba
• Plan to have 250 people this year and expand to
  500 people in RD center in 2005

The other two RD centers are in
the UK and the US respectively Source Literature
research
32
TOSHIBA HAS OUTSOURCED THE MAJOR PART OF NOTEBOOK
MANU-FACTURING AND ITS DISTRIBUTOR IS CAPABLE OF
CUSTOMIZATION IN CONFIGURATION
Manufacturing
Parties involved
Responsibilities
Toshiba SH

• Assembling production to cover total volume sold
  in China
• Assembling production for expert

OEM (Renbao)

• Major part of notebook manufacturing

Source Literature research, interview
33
UNDER STRONG COST PRESSURE, DIGITAL CHINA AND
TOSHIBA ARE PUSHING TOWARDS MORE FLATTENED
CHANNEL STRUCTURE

• Pay sufficient attention to fast-growing customer
  segments, such as education and home, as well as
  major segments, such as government and business
• Expand into 2nd-tier geographies and enhance
  channel

Channel strategy
Channel Structure
Channel Cost Percent of retail price
Digital China
gtgt 10
Core distributors ( 50)
Specialty shops (over 100)
Industry distributors
Direct
gt10
8-10
5-8
Second tier dealers (hundreds)
End users
Before 1997
1997-1998
1999-2001
Future expecta-tion of manu-facturers
Source CCID, interview
34
DIGITAL CHINA IS BUILDING UP AN ADVANCED
NATION-WIDE DISTRIBUTION NETWORK TO FURTHER CUT
DOWN COST
Distribution
Source Literature research, interview
35
DESPITE CONTINUOUS IMPROVEMENT, TOSHIBA
NOTEBOOKS CUSTOMER SERVICE STILL LAGS BEHIND IN
CERTAIN ASPECTS
Customer service

• VIP certificate
• For A-class customers, Toshiba notebook
  guarantee includes response within 10 hours, and
  repair finished within 20 hours, otherwise
  offering a backup notebook
• On-site service
• On-site service is offered in Beijing, Shanghai,
  and Guangzhou
• Dell and Acer offer 4-hour response commitment
• Dell offers on-site service in major cities in
  China

Major initiatives
Competitors offerings
Footnote Source Source
Source Literature research, interview
36
ORGANIZATION AND OWNERSHIP
1. Background information
4. Value chain strategy

• Location
• Registered capital
• Managementteam
• Equitystructure

• Focus on
• Marketing, advertising and promotion
• Distribution (channel and sales force)

• Starting year
• Number of employees
• Era analysis

5. Organization and ownership
2. Strategy

• Organization structure
• Ownership structure

• Mission
• Vision
• Corporate strategy
• Market position

6. Financial performance
3. Product /market

• Sales
• Profit

• Key product offerings

37
TOSHIBAS CORPORATE STRUCTURE
Foreign Country
Japan
iValue Creation Company
Other JV
e-Solutions Company
Corporate project
Social Infrastructure Systems Company
Statutory Auditors
Dalian Toshiba TV, Ltd
Digital Media Network Company
Corporate staff
Board of Directors
Mobile Communications Company
Power Systems Services Company
President CEO
Semiconductor Company
Display Devices Components Company
Other Subsidiaries
Corporate support services
Medical Systems Company
Home Appliances Company
Foreign Country
Japan
Source Lit search, team analysis
38
TOSHIBAS MAJOR SHAREHOLDERS
(As of September 30,2000)
Entity
Percent Outstanding
The Dai ichi Mutual Life Insurance Company
3.94
The Sakura Bank,Ltd.
3.88
3.36
Nippon Life Insurance Company
2.55
State Street Bank and Trust Company
The Chase Manhattan Bank NA London
2.28
The Sumitomo Trust and Banking Co.,Ltd.
2.27
Mitsui Mutual Life Insurance Company
1.88
Employees Stock Ownership Plan
1.68
The Mitsubishi Trust and Banking Corporation
1.65
The Nippon Fire Marine Insurance Co.,Ltd.
1.55
Source Toshiba website
39
TOSHIBA HEADQUARTER HOLDS THE MAJORITY OF ITS
NOTEBOOK MANUFACTURING JV IN CHINA
Ownership structure
Toshiba
Toshiba China Co., Ltd
Shanghai Jinqiao
80
10
10
Toshiba Computer (Shanghai) Co., Ltd
Source Literature research
40
FINANCIAL PERFORMANCE
1. Background information
4. Value chain strategy

• Location
• Registered capital
• Managementteam
• Equitystructure

• Focus on
• Marketing, advertising and promotion
• Distribution (channel and sales force)

• Starting year
• Number of employees
• Era analysis

5. Organization and ownership
2. Strategy

• Organization structure
• Ownership structure

• Mission
• Vision
• Corporate strategy
• Market position

6. Financial performance
3. Product/market

• Sales
• Profit

• Key product offerings

41
TOSHIBAS OVERSEAS SALES AND RD EXPENDITURES
R D Expenditures Percentage of Net Sales
Overseas Sales (?billion)
RD Expenditures (?billion)
CAGR 4.7
?2,235
?344
?2,116
?2,040
2,000
?323
320
?317
1,500
240
1,000
160
5.9
6.0
5.8
500
80
0
0
1998
1999
2000
1998
1999
2000
Source Toshiba 2001 Annual Report, Lit search
42
TOSHIBAS HISTORICAL REVENUES AND PROFITS
Yen billion
Net Sales
Net Income
CAGR 9.4
CAGR 1.9

1999
1998
1997
1999
2000
1998
2001
1997
2000
2001
Source Toshiba 2001 Annual Report, Lit search
43
IN 2000, DALIAN TOSHIBAS UNIT SALES IN CHINA WAS
7 OF CHANGHONGS UNIT SALES, BUT DALIAN
TOSHIBAS GROSS PROFIT IN CHINA WAS 89 OF
CHANGHONGS GROSS PROFIT
Unit Sales thousand
Gross Profit billion RMB
Changhong
Dalian Toshiba
Dalian Toshiba
Changhong
Source 21st Century Economic
report, March 19, 2001
44
DESPITE OF STRONG GROWTH OF TOTAL MARKET, TOSHIBA
NOTEBOOK HAS EXPERIENCED STAGNANT GROWTH OF 4.4
ANNUALLY
Notebook revenue (RMB billions)
Toshiba in China
Total China market
98-00 CAGR Percent
98-00 CAGR Percent
48.6
10.6
4.4
1.7
1.6
1.5
6.1
4.8
1999
2000
1998
1999
2000
1998
Source IDC