19451980 American Textbook pages 840862

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(1945-1980)American Textbook pages 840-862)
Chapter 29 Prosperity, Rebellion
and Reform
Jackie Robinson
Powerpoint by Mr. Zindman
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1. Postwar Policies and Prosperity After the war
in 1945 many American veterans returned home from
war. Experts were worried that the veterans
returning home would not find jobs. If the
unemployment rose experts were afraid the economy
would tumble. Congress passed the G.I. Bill of
Rights to help returning veterans. The G.I. Bill
provided loans for veterans to pay for college or
a new home.
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Inflation, or rising prices was the major postwar
problem. After the war prices of merchandise
rose. Workers demanded higher wages for the price
increases. When employers refused, labor unions
called strikes. President Harry Truman told
workers to go back to work and do not strike.
President Harry Truman the 33rd President of the
United States
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With the election of 1948 President Truman
defeated Governor Thomas Dewey. It was a surprise
victory.
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During hid presidency, Truman produced a new
reform called the Fair Deal. He wanted to extend
the liberal policies of his predecessor, Franklin
D. Roosevelt. Only a few proposals passes a
higher minimum wage, extended Social Security
benefits, and loans for buying low cost houses.
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In 1952, President Truman decided not to run for
reelection. General Dwight D. Eisenhower, known
as honest Ike, promised to end the conflict in
Korea and lead Americans through the Cold War.
General Dwight D. Eisenhower 34th President of
the United States
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After the Great Depression many Americans put off
having families. When the war ended prosperity
returned, and the number of births soared.
Population experts called this phenomenon a baby
boom. In addition to the baby boom, their was an
economic boom. The economy rapidly expanded. More
good were produced and sold and more jobs were
created. New technology added to the boom, by
promoting steady rises in productivity, or the
average output per worker.
Birthrate Chart
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The economic boom raised Americans standard of
living, and index based on the amount of goods,
services, and leisure time people have. Americans
bought washing machines, vacuum cleaners ,
television sets, automobiles, and many other
consumer goods.
television sets
washing machines
vacuum cleaners
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William Levitt
With their newfound wealth, many people bought
homes in the suburbs, or communities outside the
cities. Builder William Levitt pioneered a new
way of building suburban houses. He bought large
tracts of land and divided them into small lots.
He build identical homes on each lot. Because
these homes were mass produced, they were cheaper
to buy. This eventually led to the building of
shopping centers. Levitt called the project
Levittown. African Americans were barred from
owning or renting in Levittown. Levitt feared
that if he sold to blacks, whites would not buy
the homes.
Levittown
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Many Americans flocked to the Sunbelt, a region
stretching across the southern rim of the
country. People were lured there due to the warm
climate and good jobs. Automobiles became very
important to people in the 1950s. By 1969, 9 of
10 Americans living in the suburbs owned a car
and a television set.
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In the mid 1950s Rock-and-Roll combined sounds
or rhythm, blues, country, and gospel with a hard
driving beat. Teenagers liked rock and roll
because it provided an opportunity to show their
independence. A small group of writers and
artists criticized the materialism in American
society. Novelist, Jack Kerouac termed these
people beatniks in his book.
beatnik cartoon
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2. The Civil rights Movement Throughout the
nation, discrimination limited the lives of
millions of Americans. Qualified African
Americans found themselves barred From good jobs
and decent housing in the north. In the south,
laws enforced strict separation, or segregation,
of the races in schools, but the users,
restaurants, and other public places. The
facilities for blacks were inferior to those of
whites.
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The discrimination also limited Mexican Americans
and other Latinos. They were not subject to
strict segregation laws. However, the laws as
well as traditions worked against them.
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For most African Americans, the NAACP or the
National Association for the Advancement of
Colored People led the drive against
discrimination during World War II. Thurgood
Marshall, and as a legal defense fund of mounted
several court battles against segregation.
Marshall also helped blacks of register to vote
and fought for equal opportunities in housing
and employment.
Thurgood Marshall
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Jackie Robinson broke the color barrier in the
major league baseball in 1947 when he joined the
Brooklyn Dodgers. He was even named the rookie
of the year. Under pressure from civil rights
groups, President Truman ordered integration, or
the mixing of different racial groups, in the
armed forces in 1948.
Jackie Robinson
integration
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in 1896 in Plessey v. Ferguson that separate but
equal facilities for backs and whites were
constitutional. the NAACP argued that separate
white and black schools were not equal in the
1950s.In the Supreme Court case Brown v. Board
of education of Topeka, Thurgood Marshall
challenged the whole idea of separate but
equal.
George E.C. Hayes, Thurgood Marshall, and James
M. Nabrit, 1954
Thurgood Marshall
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The Supreme Court ruled in Brown's favor in 1954.
Chief Justice Earl Warren noted that segregation
affected the hearts and minds of black students
in a way unlikely to be ever be undone. We
conclude that in the field of public education,
the doctrine of separate but equal, has no place.
Separate educational facilities are always
unequal.
Chief Justice Earl Warren
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One year later, the Court ordered the schools to
be desegregated. Some schools had trouble with
the integration. In Arkansas in 1957, the
Governor Orval Faubus, called the National Guard
to keep African American students out of classes.
President Eisenhower sent Federal troops because
the Governor was defying the federal law.
Little Rock Nine
Governor Orval Faubus
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The Montgomery Bus Boycott In Montgomery,
Alabama Rosa Parks was ordered to give up her
seat and move to the back of the bus so a white
man could have her seat, as the Alabama
segregation laws required. Parks, a well known
activist and a secretary for the NAACP, refused
to give up her seat. She was then arrested and
put in jail. That night several women, from the
NAACP, wrote a letter asking African Americans
to boycott, or refuse to use the busses. To
support the protest, Dr. Martin Luther King Jr.
led a nonviolent bus boycott of the busses. King
insisted that protesters limit their actions of
civil disobedience, or non violent protests
against unjust laws. The boycott lasted from
December 5th to December 20th of the next year.
The Montgomery improvement Association, led by
Dr. King, filed a federal lawsuit to end bus
segregation. The Supreme Court ruled that bus
segregation was unconstitutional. The Montgomery
bus company then agreed to integrate busses and
hire black bus drivers.
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Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. is arrested and the
bus boycott has a successful end
Rosa Parks arrested
Rosa Parks and walking to work
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Following the Montgomery victory, King and other
African American Leaders founded the Southern
Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC) to carry
on the crusade for civil rights. Dr. King became
the president and Reverend Ralph Abernathy became
the treasurer. The SCLC urged African Americans
to fight injustice by using civil disobedience.
Reverend Ralph Abernathy and Dr. Martin Luther
King Jr.
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3. Protest, Reform, and Doubt
John F. Kennedy took the presidential oath of
office on January 20, 1961 at the age of 43. The
1960s and 1970s were years of idealism. They
also turned out to be a time of uncertainty,
tragedy, and turmoil for Americans of all ages.
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In the election of 1960 television was used for
the first time for a presidential debate. Can be
debated against Nixon in the debate . Kennedy
won the election by a narrow margin. Kennedys
election he urged Congress to pass laws to help
millions of Americans living in poverty.
Congress blocked all the presidents poverty
programs. Congress did fund the Peace Corps.
The Peace Corps were volunteers sent to teach or
provide technical help and developing nations.
Richard Nixon and John F. Kennedy before the
debate.
Peace Corps
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On November 22, 1963, Kennedy traveled to Dallas,
Texas, on a political tour. As his convertible
past cheering crowds, gun shots rang out. The
present slumped in his seat. Later, John F.
Kennedy died. That afternoon, Vice President
Lyndon Johnson was sworn in as President. Chief
justice Earl Warren later concluded that a lone
gunman, Lee Harvey Oswald, had murdered the
President. Lee Harvey Oswald was killed by
another gunman. Today most historians agree with
the Warren commission blaming Lee Harvey Oswald
for the murder. President Johnson steered many
of Kennedys proposals through Congress. In
November, 1964, voters returned him to the White
House in a landslide victory as President
The 36th president of the United States President
Lyndon Johnson
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The Great Society President Johnson began
Medicare in which the government would help
hospital costs for senior citizens. The
President began Medicaid which gave money to
help or citizens with their medical bills. A new
office of economic opportunity created job
training programs for the unemployed. It gave
loans to needy farmers and to the businesses and
poor sections of cities. Programs to build
housing for low income and middle income families
were also part of the presidents Great Society.
President Johnson also started Head Start
programs to help of children in our schools.
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Despite these social reforms, protest movements
grew in the 1960sThe civil rights movement
expanded. Opposition to the War in Vietnam grew.
Some people began to reject the lifestyles of
their parents. Many Americans joined the
counterculture movement. They criticized the
drive for personnel success. Instead of going to
college they dropped out and joined communes.
Inspired by the civil rights movement,
counterculture called for peace, justice, and
social equality.
People from communes in the 1960s
A burning Viet Cong base
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As more and more young men were sent to fight in
Vietnam, the antiwar movement gained strength.
Protesters staged rallies, burned draft cards.
And refused to serve in the military. President
Johnsons popularity plummeted so he did not run
again for reelection. In the election of 1968,
Nixon won the presidency by a narrow victory.
Milton L. Olive III fought and died in the
Vietnam War
A soldier in the Vietnam War
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President Nixon reduced the funds for the Great
Society programs during his presidency, including
job training, low income housing, and education.
He called this transfer of power the New
Federalism. During his campaign he said he
wanted to help the silent majority. These were
the people who were disturbed by the unrest in
the 1960s but did not protest publically. Nixon
began a law and order program, in which Federal
funds were used to aid local police departments.
He also named four conservative justices to the
Supreme Court.
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Nixon inherited the space program from Kennedy
and Johnson. Its greatest triumph came in 1969
just as Nixon took office. Two astronauts landed
a small craft on the moons surface. Millions of
people watched this event on the television. Neil
Armstrong became the first person to step on the
moon.
Neil Armstrong
First moon walk
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During the Nixon years, the economy suffered from
stagflation, a combination of rising prices, high
unemployment, and slow economic growth. To halt
inflation Nixon froze wages and prices. To
stimulate growth Nixon increase federal
spending. Still the economic problems would no go
away.
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In Nixons second term in office a scandal forced
the president to resign from office. President
Nixon had made several secret tape recordings
of conversations in his office. This became known
as the Watergate Affair. It showed that the
President tried to cover up the break in at the
Democratic Headquarters in the Watergate
Apartment. During the scandal Vice President
Spiro Agnew was accused of taking bribes so he
resigned. When the impeachment hearings against
the president began, Nixon resigned from office.
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Gerald Ford became the new President amid the
ending political scandal. President Ford granted
Nixon a full pardon. He did it one month after
Nixon resigned. In 1976, Jimmy Carter won the
election as the new President. Carter was a
strong defender of human rights. He was unable to
stop rising prices and inflation.
Gerald Ford the 38th President
Jimmy Carter became the 39th President
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Across the South, segregation limited the rights
of black Americans not only in lunch counters but
also in bus stations, restrooms, and other public
facilities. Many African Americans began using a
form of protest called a sit-in, in which people
sit in and refuse to leave. The first sit-in took
place in a Woolworth lunch counter in Greensboro,
north Carolina.
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Anne Moody and the Congress of Racial Equality
(CORE) organized freedom rides, in which
busloads of young Freedom Riders (black and
white) rode from town to town to integrate bus
terminals in the South. The early civil rights
groups held firmly to the tactics of what Martin
Luther King Jr. called nonviolent action.
Freedom Riders organized by the Congress of
Racial Equality evacuate a bus set afire by a mob
outside of Anniston, Alabama, in 1961.
freedom rides
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Police sometimes responded by using attack dogs
and water hoses against protestors. Civil rights
leaders were hurt or sometimes killed. In August
in 1963 more than 200,000 Americans marched to
Washington, D.C. They wanted congress to pass
laws to end discrimination.
During a protest against segregation practices in
1963, demonstrators brace themselves against the
force of water sprayed by riot police in
Birmingham, Alabama.
Attack dogs were used against civil rights
activists
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Among the speakers was Martin Luther King Jr. In
his I Have A Dream Speech he called for an end to
racial discrimination.
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President Kennedy failed to pass federal civil
rights laws. Lyndon Johnson was successful in
passing the Civil Rights Act of 1964, which
protected the rights of all citizens to vote. It
outlawed discrimination in hiring and ended
segregation in public places.
President Johnson signs the Civil Rights Act of
1964. Among the guests behind him is Martin
Luther King Jr.
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In 1965, the Voting Rights Act allowed federal
officials to register voters in states practicing
discrimination. It ended literacy tests used to
keep African Americans from voting.
President Johnson with Dr. Martin Luther King
celebrating the signing of the Voting Rights Act
of 1965.
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The Black Panthers was a radical group to told
African Americans to arm themselves to end
segregation. Black Muslims, such as Malcolm X.
argued that African Americans could succeed only
if they separated from white society. Before he
was assassinated, Malcolm X began to change his
views.
Black Panthers
Malcolm X
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Many angry protesters turned violent In August
of 1965 in Los Angles. The rioters, in Watts, a
black neighborhood, set fire to buildings and
looted stores. Some 4,000 people were arrested an
34 people were killed, and 1,000 people injured.
Chicago and Detroit also had similar violent
protests.
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In April 1968 Martin Luther King Jr. was
assassinated in the Lorraine Motel in Memphis
Tennessee. Kings life has continued to inspire
Americans to work for a peaceful change. To
honor his memory, his birthday was declared a
national holiday.
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In the 1970s many African Americans won public
offices in small towns and large cities. Atlanta,
Cleveland, Detroit, New Orleans, and Los Angles
had all elected black mayors by 1979. President
Johnson appointed Thurgood Marshall to the
Supreme Court. Many Universities adopted
affirmative action programs. These programs
sought to hire and promote minorities.
Thurgood Marshall
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The Womens Rights Movement Women have long
fought inequality. Since the 1960s, their drive
for equal rights has been known as the Womens
Rights Movement. In the workplace qualified women
found male employers were unwilling to hire them
for certain jobs. They were usually paid less
then men. In 1966, writer Betty Friedman helped
set up the National Organization for Women (NOW),
which worked or equal rights for women in jobs
and education.
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New laws helped women. Make some gains. The Equal
Rights Act of 1964 required equal pay for equal
work. It outlawed discrimination in hiring based
on gender and race.
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In the 1970s Latinos worked for equal Rights.
More than 10 million Latinos lived in the United
States. Mexican Americans are the largest group
of Latino's Living in the United States from
1960-1980. Many were migrant workers from Mexico.
A migrant worker traveled from farm to farm
looking for work. The were paid low wages and
worked in harsh conditions. Many Latinos from
Puerto Rico came to the United States to work in
factories. They faced job and house
discrimination. Cuban Americans fled from Fidel
Castro when he set up a communist government in
Cuba. The first wave of Cuban immigrants from
1959-1962 were mostly educated individuals. The
second wave of immigrants from Cuba in the 1980s
were mostly unskilled workers. Many settled in
Miami, Florida and were subject to
discrimination.
Hispanic Flag
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Cesar Chavez formed a union of migrant workers,
the United Farm Workers. When the workers were
mistreated Chavez called for a national boycott
of farm products. This led to higher wages and
better working conditions. By the mid 1960s
Latinos began taking pride in their history and
culture. Latinos became registered voters and
they elected many Latino officials to represent
their own interests. One result of the Voting
Rights Act of 1975 was bilingual elections.
Bilingual means in to languages.
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Native Americans also worked for their rights.
The American Indian Movement (AIM) protested the
treatment of Indians. The Native Americans wanted
to remind Americans of the governments failure
to deal fairly with American Indians.
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THE End A Presentation by Mr. Zindman