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Infrared Astronomy and Activities

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Humans can sense it with nerves in skin. Snakes can 'see' IR with Pits (Pit Vipers) ... Spitzer Reveals Stars and the Galloping Ghoul ... – PowerPoint PPT presentation

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Title: Infrared Astronomy and Activities


1
Invisible Waves
  • Infrared Astronomy and Activities
  • Dan Burns
  • Los Gatos High School
  • Lawrence Livermore National Lab
  • dburns_at_lgsuhsd.org

2
Overview
  • What is Infrared Radiation (IR)?
  • Discovery of IR
  • IR Astronomy
  • IR Observatories
  • Classroom Activities

NASA/JPL-Caltech
3
IR Characteristics
  • IR is bounded by Visible Light and Microwave
    Radiation
  • Wavelengths from about 0.7 to 350 microns
  • Primary Source is Thermal Radiation
  • Humans can sense it with nerves in skin
  • Snakes can see IR with Pits (Pit Vipers)

NASA/JPL-Caltech
4
Thermal Radiation
  • Emitted by materials with relatively strong
    molecular or atomic bonds (ie solids and liquids)
  • Every object with a T gt 0 K emits thermal
    radiation
  • Produced by random motions of charged particles
  • Radiation peak, usually in IR, can be used to
    determine temperature

NASA/JPL-Caltech
NASA/JPL-Caltech
NASA/JPL-Caltech
5
William Herschel
  • German Immigrant to England
  • Discovered Uranus in 1781
  • Catalogued Night Sky with Sister Caroline
  • Discovered IR in 1800

NASA/JPL-Caltech
6
Herschels IR Experiment
  • Investigated heat of colors in spectrum
  • Temperature increased from violet to red
  • Placed a thermometer beyond red, this measured
    greatest temperature increase

http//www.sciencemuseum.org.uk/on-line/treasure/o
bjects/1876-565.asp
7
Student Herschel Experiment
NASA/JPL-Caltech
  • Materials Copy Paper Box, Smaller Box, White
    Paper, Tape, Equilateral Glass Prism, Black
    Paint, Timer, 3 Thermometers, Sunlight!
  • Time Required 30 minutes

8
Equipment Setup
NASA/JPL-Caltech
NASA/JPL-Caltech
  • Paint Thermometer Bulbs Black
  • Trim and Tape Thermometers Close Together
  • Cut Opening for Prism and Mount it
  • Tape White Sheet of Paper to Bottom of box

9
Procedure Outline
NASA/JPL-Caltech
NASA/JPL-Caltech
NASA/JPL-Caltech
  • Position Box and Prism so Spectrum Shows
  • Record Shade Temperature
  • Place Thermometers, 1 each in Blue, Yellow, and
    IR
  • Record Temperatures at 1 minute intervals for 5
    minutes

10
Typical Results
NASA/JPL-Caltech
11
Why Infrared Astronomy?
  • Almost Everything Emits IR
  • IR Passes Through Dust
  • Exoplanets Easier to Detect in IR
  • Distant Objects Visible Light Redshifted
  • Important Molecular Spectra in IR

Credit ESA/ISO, SWS, A.F.M. Moorwood
12
IR Reveals the Invisible
NASA/JPL-Caltech
Interstellar Dust Emits IR
13
Spitzer Shows a Warped Sombrero Galaxy
http//www.spitzer.caltech.edu/Media/mediaimages/i
ndex.shtml
14
Spitzer Reveals Stars and the Galloping Ghoul
http//www.spitzer.caltech.edu/Media/mediaimages/i
ndex.shtml
15
IR Uncovers What is Hidden
Visible
Spitzer Space Telescope Reveals Star Formation in
DR21
IR
NASA/JPL-Caltech
16
Spitzer Zooms into the Triffid Nebula
http//www.spitzer.caltech.edu/Media/mediaimages/i
ndex.shtml
17
IR Discovers Dim Objects
UK IR Telescope Discovers Brown Dwarfs and
Potential Free-Floating Planets in Orion
Image courtesy of the U.K. Infrared Telescope,
Mauna Kea Observatory, Hawaii
18
IR Detects Distant Objects
Visible Light from Very Distant Galaxies is
Redshifted to IR
19
Important Molecular Spectral Lines are in IR
IR Space Observatory Reveals Water Molecules
being Produced in Orion Nebula
20
Spitzer Detects Structures in Polycyclic Aromatic
Hydrocarbon Dust
http//www.spitzer.caltech.edu/Media/mediaimages/i
ndex.shtml
21
Detecting IR
  • Near, Mid, and Far IR
  • Atmospheric Absorption
  • IR Observatories

NASA/JPL-Caltech
Image courtesy of the U.K. Infrared Telescope,
Mauna Kea Observatory, Hawaii
22
Near, Mid, and Far IR Bands
NASA/JPL-Caltech
Visible
Near
Mid
NASA/JPL-Caltech
23
Atmosphere Impedes IR Observation
  • Water Vapor Absorbs Some IR Wavelengths
  • Atmosphere Emits its own IR Radiation

NASA/JPL-Caltech
24
Past, Present, and Future IR Observatories
HST
ESA Herschel
NASA/STScI
IRAS
NASA/JPL-Caltech
Infrared Processing and Analysis Center,
Caltech/JPL. IPAC is NASA's Infrared Astrophysics
Data Center
SST
UKIRT
NASA/JWST
Image courtesy of the U.K. Infrared Telescope,
Mauna Kea Observatory, Hawaii
SOFIA
NASA/USRA
25
Student Activities
  • Herschel Experiment
  • IR Photo Album
  • Solar Cell IR Detector
  • Near IR Digital Camera
  • IR Detection Cards
  • Red Tide Spectrometer with LabQuest

26
IR Photo Album Resources
  • http//spaceplace.jpl.nasa.gov/en/kids/sirtf1/sirt
    f_action.shtml for activity

27
Herschel Experiment Resources
  • http//coolcosmos.ipac.caltech.edu/cosmic_classroo
    m/classroom_activities/herschel_experiment.html
    for detailed activity
  • www.sciencekit.com for prism (catalog 3038400
    8.95) and thermometers (catalog 6638910 13.25
    for 10-Pack)

28
Solar Cell IR Detector Resources
  • www.radioshack.com for Mini Audio Amplifier
    (Catalog 2771008 14.99), Solar Cell (Catalog
    277-1201 13.99),
  • 6 Cable (Catalog 42-2420 3.29)
  • http//www.sofia.usra.edu/Edu/materials/activeAstr
    onomy/activeAstronomy.html for detailed activity
    information

29
Near IR Digital Camera
  • Webcams, Digital Cameras, or Camcorders
  • Remove IR Blocking Filter from CCD
  • Install IR only pass filter (Wratten 87c, exposed
    color negative, or floppy disk)
  • Reassemble and view the world in Near IR

30
IR Filter Spectral Characteristics
31
IR Detection Cards
  • 2 Types of Materials can Produce Visible Light
    When Exposed to IR from a Remote Control
  • Anti-Stokes Material Absorbs 2 or More Photons
    for Every Visible Photon Emitted
  • Phosphorescent Material Must be Exposed to
    Visible Light First
  • See Activity from KSU Physics Education Group

32
Anti-Stokes Model
Phosphorescent Model
33
Red Tide Spectrometer
  • Red Tide Spectrometer by PASCO and Vernier
  • Educational Model made by Ocean Optics
  • Automatically reads the wavelength calibration
    coefficients of the spectrometer and configures
    operating software
  • USB to PC or Mac interface no external power
    requirements
  • The Red Tide starts at 1049

34
California Science Standards
  • Earth Science 2d Students know that stars differ
    in their life cycles and that visual, radio, and
    X-ray telescopes may be used to collect data that
    reveal those differences.
  • Physics 4e Students know radio waves, light, and
    X-rays are different wavelength bands in the
    spectrum of electromagnetic waves.
  • Chemistry 1i, 1j Students know the experimental
    basis for the development of the quantum theory
    of atomic structure and the historical importance
    of the Bohr model of the atom. Students know that
    spectral lines are the result of transitions of
    electrons between energy levels and that these
    lines correspond to photons with a frequency
    related hv). to the energy spacing between levels
    by using Plancks relationship
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