2003 Magnetic Sensor Roadmap Workshop Applications

1
2003 Magnetic Sensor Roadmap WorkshopApplications
David P. Pappas National Institute of Standards
and Technology Boulder, CO Collaborators Fabio
da Silva NIST Alexey Nazarov Seagate Ken
Marr FBI Audio Forensics Lab Dave
Krefft National Security Agency Travis
Eiles Intel Corporation Han Wen NIH
2
Outline

• Current novel uses of magnetic sensors
• New applications of magnetic sensors
• Health care
• Homeland secuity
• Non-destructive evaluation
• Mention some of the important issues for roadmap

3
Current uses of magnetic sensors

• Compass for tactical unmanned aerial vehicles
• Geophysical exploration
• Non-destructive testing bridges
• Data Storage
• Hard disk drive heads
• Health care Non-invasive medical evaluation
  
• Magnetic liver lung biopsies
• Magneto-cardiography (MCG)
• Magneto-encephalography (MEG)

gt Improvements in sensor technology can have
large impact
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Intense development of magnetic sensors has
enabled high density hard disk drive storage
100
Hard Disk Drive Growth Rate
100per year
TMR heads
10
TypicalDisk Capacityin Gigabytes
1
60 per year
GMR heads
0.1
30 per year
AMR heads
0.01
1985
1990
1995
2000
2005
Inductive read heads

• Specialized sensors - high frequency
• shielded
• nano-scale devices

• How can sensor development have significant
  impact in other applications?

5
Biomagnetic imaging
Cardiac magnetic signal
Need 1 picotesla sensitivity for real time
monitoring
6
biomagnetic signalsvs.frequency
10-4
Earths field
Line frequency and harmonics
Lab noise
10-7
10-8

• Very low field
• pT for cardiac
• fT for brain
• Very low frequency
• 0.1 1000 Hz
• Can other room temperature
• sensors compete w/SQUIDS?
• Roadmap for various applications
• shielding?
• What types of sensors applicable?
• noise floor?
• dynamic range?
• frequency range?
• arrays?
• flux concentrators?
• materials?

nT
10-9
Field (T)
10-10
MR sensors
fluxgate
10-11
pT
10-12
MCG
MEG
10-13
10-14
SQUID
fT
10-15
induction coil
10-16
10-2
103
10-1
10-0
101
102
104
105
106
Frequency (Hz)
Malmivuo, Plonsey, Bioelectromagnetism p 336
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Other applications under development

• Health care
• In-vivo magnetic bead tracking
• Pathogen detection using magnetic sensing arrays
• Homeland Security
• Biohazard detection
• Border and perimeter defense
• Distributed ground magnetic field sensors
• Forensic magnetic data storage analysis
• Non-destructive evaluation
• Eddy current defect detection
• VLSI failure analysis
• Magnetic calorimeters for x-ray detection

8
Blood flow visualization and measurements based
on tracking magnetic particles
Fluorescent, 12 micron intra-vascular particles
shown in a transverse slice of an organ Captured
at the arterial branching points of the
capillaries. 5-8 micron magnetic particles will
be able to move through the capillaries.

• Particle tracking with high spatial resolution
  will provide a wealth of
• information on every organ in the body
• Low frequency, very low field application gt
  distributed arrays

H Wen, NHLBI/NIH
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Magnetic particle trackingIron-oxide labeled
stem cells
Monitor - movement of cells in-vivo.
lifetime of cells. do cells
reproduce?
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Combination of the techniques opens a wide field
of clinical and basic research tools in the heart
Ischemic injury causes electrical abnormalities
Imaging of MCG activity
Imaging of blood flow
Repair using stem cell therapy
Electro-mechanical coupling
mechanical changes
Imaging of myocardial mechanics
Analyze and repair dead circuits in the heart
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Other applications under development

• Health care
• In-vivo magnetic bead tracking
• Pathogen detection using magnetic sensing arrays
• Homeland Security
• Biohazard detection
• Border and perimeter defense
• Distributed ground magnetic field sensors
• Forensic magnetic data storage analysis
• Non-destructive evaluation
• Eddy current defect detection
• VLSI failure analysis
• Magnetic calorimeters for x-ray detection

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Magnetic Labeling and Detection for Bio-sensing
L. J. Whitman, NRL

• Use magnetic particles as biomolecular labels,
  and chip-based magnetoelectronic sensors for
  detection (anthrax, DNA)
• Potential for low-power, hand-held sensor systems
• Applications in homeland defense, health care,
  intelligence, forensics, agriculture

• Problems
• Many applications require large number
• of targets (large arrays)
• Small size of best magnetic sensor
• devices also requires large arrays
• Needs
• Sensitive, scalable sensor devices
• Large, integrated arrays
• Medium frequency, medium field application -
  micro-arrays

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Other applications under development

• Health care
• In-vivo magnetic bead tracking
• Pathogen detection using magnetic sensing arrays
• Homeland Security
• Biohazard detection
• Border and perimeter defense
• Distributed ground magnetic field sensors
• Forensic magnetic data storage analysis
• Non-destructive evaluation
• Eddy current defect detection
• VLSI failure analysis
• Magnetic calorimeters for x-ray detection

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ARL
Motivation
Networked Microsensor Thrust Alan S. Edelstein,
Gregory A. Fischer, Jonathan E. Fine

• Army program for network of unattended
• ground sensors to increase battlefield awareness
• Low-cost, high-sensitivity, low-power magnetic
• sensors are planned to be part of a suite of
  sensors
• Network will provide a cost-effective way of
• detecting targets over large areas and may
  minimize
• the need for land mines.

Vision
Distributed arrays of complementary battlefield
sensors telemetry Acoustic Seismic Magnetic
The Army is developing a technology tool box
for future small, low cost sensors
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Complementary Characteristics ofBattlefield
Sensors
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Battlefield Magnetic Anomaly Detection
1mT
10
Oe
Earths
Field
m
1
T
10
Oe
-
2
Tank 50
-
500 m
HMMWV 15
-
150 m
Present
Rifle 1.7
-
17 m
1nT
10
Oe
-
5
Desired
10
-
8
Oe
1pT
1 m
10 m
100 m
1000 m
Range

• Low field, very low frequency application very
  large arrays

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Novel use of MEMS flux concentrator technology
GMR sensor
Flux concentrators

• Advantages
• Increases sensitivity
• Moves signal to modulation frequency

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Other applications under development

• Health care
• In-vivo magnetic bead tracking
• Pathogen detection using magnetic sensing arrays
• Homeland Security
• Biohazard detection
• Border and perimeter defense
• Distributed ground magnetic field sensors
• Forensic magnetic data storage analysis
• Non-destructive evaluation
• Eddy current defect detection
• VLSI failure analysis
• Magnetic calorimeters for x-ray detection

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Homeland security nano-sensor arrays would be a
breakthrough technology for forensics
Example analog audio tape
Audio test tones
Write head stop event

• medium field, medium frequency gt micro-arrays
  for imaging

20
Other applications under development

• Health care
• In-vivo magnetic bead tracking
• Pathogen detection using magnetic sensing arrays
• Homeland Security
• Biohazard detection
• Border and perimeter defense
• Distributed ground magnetic field sensors
• Forensic magnetic data storage analysis
• Non-destructive evaluation
• Eddy current defect detection
• VLSI failure analysis
• Magnetic calorimeters for x-ray detection

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Defect detection can prevent catastrophic failure

• Need non-destructive test for corrosion,
  cracks, and stress 500,000 rivets on C-5
• Eddy currents imaged with scanned GMR reveal
  invisible corrosion.

• medium field, medium frequency application gt
  need imaging arrays

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Other applications under development

• Health care
• In-vivo magnetic bead tracking
• Pathogen detection using magnetic sensing arrays
• Homeland Security
• Biohazard detection
• Border and perimeter defense
• Distributed ground magnetic field sensors
• Forensic magnetic data storage analysis
• Non-destructive evaluation
• Eddy current defect detection
• VLSI failure analysis
• Magnetic calorimeters for x-ray detection

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Magnetic field measurement will facilitate NDE of
integrated circuits
Single sensor scanner
Magnetic field Mapped over entire chip
Electrical current

• Low field, low - high frequency applications
• Arrays will allow better field inversion gt
  lower noise

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High speed field imaging and inversion using
sensor arrays
Linear scan at height z 1mm
MR sensor array
2 mm
1 mm
Test structure
I
0.5 mm
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Other applications under development

• Health care
• In-vivo magnetic bead tracking
• Pathogen detection using magnetic sensing arrays
• Homeland Security
• Biohazard detection
• Border and perimeter defense
• Distributed ground magnetic field sensors
• Forensic magnetic data storage analysis
• Non-destructive evaluation
• Eddy current defect detection
• VLSI failure analysis
• Magnetic calorimeters for x-ray detection

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Magnetic Microcalorimeter X-ray Detectors with
Integrated SQUID Readout
X-ray ? ?T ? ?c ? ?FSQUID

• Operating Temperature 50 mK
• Susceptibility of paramagnetic film is sensitive
  thermometer
• X-ray absorbed in paramagnetic film raises T,
  changing c
• X-ray energy measured by flux change in
  integrated SQUID pickup
• Potential energy resolution much better than
  conventional detectors

Low-noise SQUID magnetometer
Stripline flux transformer
Au film doped with 200-1000 ppm Er Paramagnetic
to Toplt50 mK
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Conclusions

• Many current and new applications
• Wide range of fields, frequency range
• Need for field mapping and imaging systems
• Roadmap needed to efficiently plan and implement
  RD