Tupai eBusiness Systems

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Knowledge Based Engineering
Making Engineering Knowledge Active
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Knowledge Is Structure
What does that mean? Knowledge isnt rules that
work from the outside, but structure that works
from the inside, modelling the world and
providing predictions of behaviour in previously
unseen situations. What sort of structure does
it imply? The structure cant be directed to any
purpose, and the structure needs to adapt itself
to a changing environment - the structure needs
to be active and self-modifying.
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Areas of KBE
Capturing Information knowledge from
different sources/domains using many different
techniques - direct entry, simulation, data
mining. Unifying Different forms of
engineering knowledge transformed into a single
underlying form (analytical, experiential,
topological) that is shareable among
partners. Maintaining Ensuring consistency
coherency of the knowledge.
Personalising Providing views of the
knowledge that satisfy the needs of different
users. Deploying Where appropriate,
deploying active, self-modifying knowledge
structures to support and drive more flexible
engineering solutions.
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ORION
Orion is a knowledge utilisation system based on
using an active, undirected structure to
represent knowledge
Orion covers the full knowledge cycle
creation/capture, marshalling and deployment
It is particularly suited to dynamically changing
problems, where its ability to modify and extend
its own structure comes to the fore
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The System as a Thinking Tool
The user can turn what they know into a shareable
and reusable piece of knowledge by describing
relations among objects - the system will use the
relations any way it needs to, when it needs to.
Users can refine their thinking by observing a
model of it in operation.
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Combining Knowledge Domains
Airframe
Performance
Avionics
Assemble Pieces of Knowledge Into an Active
Object Which Itself Can be Assembled...
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Combining Structures
It may seem simple, but the ability to combine
knowledge structures is a very strong constraint
on how the knowledge is structured. Each
individual structure cant have a beginning or an
end, and cant have an external algorithm which
is needed to make sense of it - each structure
has to be active, carrying all its own operation
and phasing. Only then can the pieces build into
larger assemblies which also carry the same
properties.
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In Practice

• Knowledge is turned into a structure, made up of
  variables, operators and links. The structure is
  active, undirected, extensible in any direction,
  and supports the following problem-solving
  techniques by propagation through the structure
• Analysis using numbers, logic, objects, lists
• Controllable stochastic information
• Structure Self-modification
• Ranges of Values
• Structural Backtrack
• Constraint Reasoning
• Simulation
• Processing of free text - Specifications

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Constraint Reasoning Structural Backtracking
All engineering knowledge carries within itself
constraints on its applicability. With more
specific information, these constraints tighten,
providing a powerful means of applying knowledge
in specific circumstances. Sometimes knowledge
is used to explore different scenarios. Backtrack
allows the system to try something, observe the
result, and then undo it and try something else.
While trying something, it may need to erect new
structure - build a castle in the air - then
undo all that as well - Structural Backtrack is
needed.
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Using the System
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Logic Editor - Used to enter declarative
knowledge in textual form. The text is
immediately transformed into active model
structure.
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Network Display
The user can

• trace the structure of the network
• observe the values in particular components
• set and unset values
• debug the network by halting propagation and
  observing states

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Analysis and Visualization
Drawing Editor
Stochastic Editor
List Editor
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Probability Distributions
Probability distributions are another important
source of technical knowledge. They need not
follow simple forms like Normal or Poisson.
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Stochastic Editor

• The user can
• visualize and manipulate distributions and
  N-dimensional relations.
• apply constraints to variables and observe the
  impact on other variables
• construct ad hoc distribution and relation
  operators

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Data Miner
One of the shortcomings of existing data mining
technologies is that in order to use the
findings, the user needs to understand them.
The reason is that the technologies used for
mining are different to those used in operational
systems. With Orion, the same technology is
used for both tasks. The Miner actually morphs
newly found correlations in the data into an
active component of the operational system. The
system can start with mined data, then learn on
the run from new transactions.
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Additional tools and facilities

• Structural debugger
• Script Editor
• Control Panel
• Simulator
• Graphing
• Logic Drawing

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Applications

• Knowledge Management in engineering
  organisations
• Requirements Elicitation
• Design and Analysis
• Project Management of development projects
• Risk analysis
• Simulation, Workflow, Scheduling
• Cognitive support for Systems Engineering

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Examples
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Earthquake Knowledge
Model Structure
Acceleration attenuation based on
Find distance between site and
magnitude, distance and local site
Epicentre, local conditions, etc.
conditions
Attenuation
Greece Info
(GIS)
Recorders
Intensity/
Damage
Relations
between acceleration,
intensity and damage
ratio
Relations between magnitude and
frequency, building type, number of
Frequency/
floors and natural frequency,
Amplification
including comparison and
amplification estimates
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Analytic Structure - Wave Attenuation
A formula for attenuation
Note the function on left hand side
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Propagation
Experiential submodel ? Damage Ratio
An example of one of many value propagation
paths, from event magnitude to damage
ratio. (Each of the nodes has many other
connections)
Experiential submodel ? intensity
Magnitude Event submodel
Attenuation submodel ? SAh
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Experiential Structure
Wood
Reinforced Concrete
The Sauter curves, linking Intensity, Building
Type and Damage Ratio, are loaded into
distributions and relations.
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Compatible Knowledge Structures
A variable can have a PLUS operator on one side
and a stochastic relation on the other, so
analysis and experience are easily combined.
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Flow in Fanjet Ducts
Switching is occurring among flow modes in the
duct based on the evaluation of coefficients
which depend on the flow modes
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Project Management
Development projects have a life of their
own. Here are logic and numbers interacting
together in a plan that can encompass the
rationale for the project. If there is
insufficient time for Activity_4s duration, or
insufficient budget or resources, it forces
itself false and the other alternative becomes
True.
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Stitching
Most project failures are caused by segmentation
- the strategist works out the why, the designer
does the what, the project manager does the when
and how much. In a world of knowledge,
segmentation is unnecessary.
We can stitch the different worlds together with
undirected logical thread, so a change ripples
anywhere it needs to
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Knowledge about Systems
Systems are far more than a few static
relationships. They involve activity. It is not
obvious how a few logical and numeric operators
acting as building blocks will suddenly start to
display activity.
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The ship has properties

• Detection means
• Layers of protection
• Acting in concert
• Logistics - replenishment
• Mission length
• Battle tactics
• Learned behaviour from simulations

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An active system contains many different sorts of
knowledge some of it in a continuous state of flux
Youve got to catch them all and with a realised,
active, undirected self-modifying structure you
can
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Systems Engineering
A textual specification can be machine read and
turned into an active and searchable structure -
allowing everyone to work on the same knowledge.
The long range connections in the text - they
give the system its essential properties - are
retained in the structure
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Accept Anything

• This is KBE at work. Need to accept
• Different forms of knowledge - analytic,
  experiential, textual
• Dynamic instability - true for now, today,
  always
• Different sources - handbooks, papers,
  consultants, suppliers, customers
• Integrate it, iron out the inconsistencies, if
  necessary change it on the run.

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Orion can handle a wide range of problem
areas.Its power comes from its simple form -
variables, operators, links - and the fact that
it is easy to combine active structures which do
not have a beginning or an end.