Role of homoeopathy in the area of surgery

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well come
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Role of homoeopathy in the field of surgery
Dr. P. Chakraborty BHMS, MD Professor, HOD Dept
of Surgery Fr. Muller homoeopathic medical college
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SURGERY

• Surgery is an art. it is that branch of medicine
  which is concerned with the repair, Removal or
  replacement of the diseased tissue in other
  words, any cutting, suturing and repairing of
  human tissues.

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• In Medicine, surgery (from the Greek ?e?????????,
  or chirurgical, and Latin chirurgiae meaning
  "hand work") is a medical specialty that uses
  operative manual and instrumental techniques on a
  Patient to investigate and/or treat a
  pathological condition such as Disease or Injury,
  to help improve bodily function or appearance, or
  sometimes for some other reason.
• An act of performing surgery may be called a
  surgical procedure, operation, or simply surgery.
  In this context, the verb operating means
  performing surgery.

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• Surgery can last from minutes to hours, but is
  typically not an ongoing or periodic type of
  treatment.
• Surgery is considered an invasive procedure.
  Although it is sometimes difficult to determine
  when a medical procedure is considered surgery, a
  medical treatment that involves a cutting of a
  patient's live tissue (e.g., hair and nails are
  dead tissue) is usually considered surgery of
  some sort.

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• A medical procedure involving a drilling of live
  tissue in a body would often be considered
  surgery, but mere piercing of a body is not
  necessarily surgery since piercing is often done
  for taking samples or draining fluids from or
  injecting materials into the body, or setting up
  intravenous drip, and usually does not require
  suturing to close the pierced opening.

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• Examples of surgery without cutting the body may
  include Debridement or closing (suturing or
  stapling) an open wound or applying Skin graft if
  done under typical surgical conditions.

DEBRIDEMENT
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Skin grafting
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• Many types of more complicated or involved
  surgery are obviously considered surgery, since
  they involve common surgical procedure or setting
  as mentioned above. A medical procedure may be
  surgery even if not all of the typical surgical
  conditions or procedures mentioned above are
  used.

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HISTORY OF SURGERY

• Prehistoric cultures had developed forms of
  surgery. The oldest for which we have evidence is
  Trepannation , in which a hole is drilled or
  scraped into the Skull, thus exposing the dura
  mater in order to treat health problems related
  to intracranial pressure and other diseases.

Trepannation
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Trepannation

• Evidence has been found in prehistoric human
  remains from Neolithic times, in Cave paintings,
  and the procedure continued in use well into
  Recorded history.

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• Surprisingly, many prehistoric and premodern
  patients had signs of their skull structure
  healing suggesting that many survived the
  operation. In modern-day Pakisthan remains from
  the early Harappan periods of the Indus Vally
  Civilization (c. 3300 BC) show evidence of teeth
  having been drilled dating back 9,000 years.
• A final candidate for prehistoric surgical
  techniques is Ancient Egypt, where a Mandible
  dated to approximately 2650 BC shows two
  perforations just below the root of the first
  Molar, indicating the draining of an abscessed
  Tooth.

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Evidence of brain surgery

• Recent excavations of the construction workers of
  the Egyptian Pyramid also led to possible
  evidence of Brain Surgery.

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In India - Father of surgery

• The oldest known surgical
• texts date back to Indian
• physician Sushruta, the Father of Surgery, who
  taught and practiced surgery on the banks of the
  Ganges around 600 BC. Much of what is known about
  Sushruta is contained in a series of volumes he
  authored, which are collectively known as the
  Susrutha Samhita.

Sushruta
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• It is the oldest known surgical text and it
  describes in great detail the examination,
  diagnosis, treatment, and prognosis of numerous
  ailments, as well as procedures on performing
  various forms of plastic surgery, such as
  cosmetic surgery and rhinoplasty. His technique
  for the latter, used to reconstruct noses that
  were amputated as a punishment for crimes, is
  practiced almost unchanged in technique to this
  day.

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• GRECE
• Other ancient cultures to have surgical knowledge
  include ancient Greece - the Hippocratic Oath was
  an innovation of the Greek physician
• Hippocrates - and ancient China.
• However ancient Greek culture
• traditionally considered
• the practice of opening the
• body to be repulsive and thus
• left known surgical practices
• such as lithotomy to such
• persons as practice it.,

Hippocrate
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• CHINA
• In China Hua Tuo
• was a famous Chinese physician during the
  Eastern Han and Three
• Kingdoms era. He was the first person to perform
  surgery with the aid of anesthesia, some 1600
  years before the practice was adopted by
  Europeans.

Hua Tuo
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• Arab
• In the Middle Ages, surgery was developed to a
  high degree in the Islamic world, with renowned
  practitioners such as Abulcasis (Abu al-Qasim
  Khalaf ibn al-Abbas Al-Zahrawi), an
  Andalusian-Arab physician and scientist who
  practised in the Zahra suburb of Córdoba. A great
  medieval surgeon, whose comprehensive medical
  texts shaped European surgical procedures up
  until the Renaissance. He is also often regarded
  as a Father Of Surgery.

Abulcasis
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• In Europe, the demand grew for surgeons to
  formally study for many years before practicing
  universities such as Montpellier, Padua and
  Bologna Universities were particularly renowned.
  By the fifteenth century at the latest, surgery
  had split away from physics as its own subject,
  of a lesser status than pure medicine, and
  initially took the form of a craft tradition
  until Rogerius Salernitanus composed his
  Chirurgia, laying the foundation for modern
  Western surgical manuals up to the modern time.

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• 19th century
• Late in the nineteenth century, Bachelor of
  Surgery degrees (usually Ch.B.) began to be
  awarded with the (M.B.), and the mastership
  became a higher degree, usually abbreviated Ch.M.
  or M.S. in London, where the first degree was
  M.B.,B.S

Rogerius Salernitanus
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Modern surgery

• Modern surgery developed rapidly with the
• scientific era. Ambroise Paré
• (sometimes
• spelled "Ambrose")
• pioneered the treatment
• of gunshot wounds, and
• the first modern surgeons
• were battlefield doctors in
• the Napoleonic Wars.

Ambroise Paré
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Evolution of surgery
Ancient
Modern
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• Evolution of surgical procedure
• Navalsurgeons were often barber surgeons, who
  combined surgery with their main jobs as barbers.
  
• Three main developments permitted the transition
  to modern surgical approaches - control of
  bleeding, control of infection and control of
  pain (anaesthesia).

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• Bleeding
• Before modern surgical developments, there was
  a very real threat that a patient would bleed to
  death before treatment, or during the operation.
• Cauterization (fusing a wound closed with extreme
  heat) was successful but limited - it was
  destructive, painful and in the long term had
  very poor outcomes.

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• Ligature
• Ligatures or material used to tie off severed
  blood vessels, are believed to have originated
  with Abulcasis in the 10th century and improved
  by Ambroise Paré in the 16th century.
• Though this method was a significant improvement
  over the method of cauterization, it was still
  dangerous until infection risk was brought under
  control - at the time of its discovery, the
  concept of infection was not fully understood.
  Finally, early 20th century research into blood
  groups allowed the first effective blood
  transfusions.

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• Infection
• The concept of infection was unknown until
  relatively modern times. The first progress in
  combating infection was made in 1847 by the
  Hungarian doctor Ignaz Semmelweis who noticed
  that medical students fresh from the dissecting
  room were causing excess maternal death compared
  to midwives.

Ignaz Semmelweis
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• Semmelweis, despite ridicule and opposition,
  introduced compulsory handwashing for everyone
  entering the maternal wards and was rewarded with
  a plunge in maternal and fetal deaths, however
  the Royal Society in the UK still dismissed his
  advice.

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Use of phenol to prevent infections.

• Significant progress came following the work of
  Pasteur, when the British surgeon Joseph Lister
  began experimenting with using phenol during
  surgery to prevent infections.

Joseph Lister
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Introduction of techniques to sterilize equipment

• Lister was able to quickly reduce infection
  rates, a reduction that was further helped by his
  subsequent introduction of techniques to
  sterilize equipment, have rigorous hand washing
  and a later implementation of rubber gloves.

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• Lister published his work as a series of articles
  in The Lancet (March 1867) under the title
  Antiseptic Principle of the Practice of Surgery.
• The work was groundbreaking and laid the
  foundations for a rapid advance in infection
  control that saw modern aseptic operating
  theatres widely used within 50 years (Lister
  himself went on to make further strides in
  antisepsis and asepsis throughout his lifetime).

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• Pain
• Modern pain control (anesthesia) was discovered
  by two American Dental Surgeons, Horace Wells
  (1815-1848) and William Morton.

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• Medical Innovation Development
• Unlike many of the early bands this was designed
  specifically for laparoscopic insertion. It has
  swiftly become one of the leading bands placed in
  France. There are now many band manufacturers
  (approx 7-8 in total).

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Use of anaesthetic chemicals such as ether and
chloroform

• Beginning in the 1840s, surgery began to change
  dramatically in character with the discovery of
  effective and practical anaesthetic chemicals
  such as ether and chloroform, later pioneered in
  Britain by
• John Snow.

John Snow
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• In addition to relieving patient suffering,
  anaesthesia allowed more intricate operations in
  the internal regions of the human body. In
  addition, the discovery of muscle relaxants such
  as curare allowed for safer applications.

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A few general types of surgery

• .Elective surgery is surgery not needed to save
  the life of the patient, but is expected to
  provide some other benefit.
• Emergency surgery is surgery which must be done
  quickly to save life, limb, or other capacity
  such as eyesight.
• Exploratory surgery is for investigating a
  patient's medical condition or making a
  diagnosis.

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• Therapeutic surgery is for treating a patient.
  Surgery may start out as exploratory and become
  therapeutic.
• Amputation
• involves cutting
• off a body part
• for example,
• a limb or digit.

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• Replantation, an often difficult type of surgery
  more recently developed, involves reattaching a
  severed body part.

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• Reconstructive surgery - reshaping of certain
  bodily tissues including bone, cartilage, muscle,
  fat, and skin that have been previously damanged
  by trauma or are congenitally abnormal.

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Reconstruction of congenital deformity
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Cosmetic surgery

• Cosmetic surgery
• A common type of elective surgery that is done
  to improve the appearance of the patient.

Eyelids
Facelift
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• Excision is the cutting out of an organ or other
  body part from the patient.

Ancient circumcision set
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Transplant surgery

• Transplant surgery is the replacement of an organ
  or body part by insertion of another from
  different human (or animal) into the patient.
  Removing an organ or body part from a live human
  or animal for use in transplant is also a type of
  surgery.

Kidney transplant
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Minimally invasive surgery

• Minimally invasive surgery involves smaller outer
  incision(s) to insert some sort of endoscope,
  which is tube-like equipment, to perform surgery.
  There are also many types of more specific
  surgeries.

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Laser surgery involves use of a laser for cutting
tissue instead of a scalpel or similar surgical
instruments.
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• Microsurgery is fine surgery with the aid of a
  microscope for the surgeon to see better.

Ear
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• Bariatric surgery is a class of surgery for
  treating obesity, a common example of which is
  gastric bypass surgery.

• Surgery is also used for sterilization to prevent
  reproduction, although it is a rather simple
  procedure for males.

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Conditions treated by surgery

• Surgery is used to both as a treatment, and as an
  aspect of treatment, for many conditions,
  including
• Physical trauma, e.g. wounds
• Anatomical Abnormalities
• Disorders of function
• Inflammation
• Ischaemia and infarction
• Metabolic disorders

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• Neoplasia
• Other abnormalities of tissue growth, e.g. cysts,
  hyperplasia or Organ hypertrophy, as well as some
  cancers, if caught early enough
• Deformity and heavy scarring.
• Brain damage and nerve damage

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Homoeopathic view point

• Homeopathy is highly scientific, logical, safe,
  quick and extremely effective method of healing.
  It offers long lasting to permanent cure,
  treating the disease from its roots, for most of
  the ailments. Homeopathy is the most rational
  science with respect to its concepts of health,
  disease and cure. Homeopathy does not treat
  superficially by just driving away the symptoms
  but heals the patient from within. Undoubtedly,
  homeopathy is the medicine of future.
• The remedies are prepared from natural substances
  to precise standards and work by stimulating the
  body's own healing power.

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• Homeopathy Holistic Medicine.
• Homeopathy Magic of Minimum dose.
• Homeopathy Better substitute to Antibiotics.
• Homeopathy offers wonder treatment for Viral
  infections.
• Homeopathy Often avoids Surgery
• Homeopathy Answer to Allergic diseases
• Homeopathy Excellent for Psychosomatic ailments.
• Homeopathy Ideal for Infants and Children.
• Homeopathy A near complete system of medicine.

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• Surgery comes into play when the physiological
  changes cannot be brought back to the normal
  position by medication. When the part becomes
  irreparable, we replace it or remove it the
  condition improves .E.g. when a tumor develops,
  not corrected by medicines we remove it by
  surgery. Homeopathy is not against surgery.
  Surgery is an art and science by itself. Surgery
  is called forth in the conditions where medicines
  have limited or no role, and where surgical aid,
  operation can cure or improve the condition.

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• Disease primarily a disturbance in the vital
  force which is only functional in character when
  there is no apparent pathology so surgery
  cannot be applied.
• If this disturbance persists for sometime when
  the human being is not able to overcome the
  condition and it leads to gross pathological
  changes which may or may not be brought back to
  normalcy by medicines, wherein the role of
  surgery becomes of paramount importance.

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• There are number of diseases which are labeled as
  'surgical', where homeopathy works curatively and
  can avoid surgery.
• Some such ailments are
• Septic recurrent Tonsillitis, Piles,
  Fissure- in-ano, Fistula, Appendicitis (except
  gangrenous), Chronic ear discharge, Vocal cord
  nodules, Polyp in nose-ear, Kidney Biliary
  (small) stones, small size Uterine Fibroid,
  Ovarian Cysts, Warts, Corns, etc.

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• Pathology is the ultimate of the disease process
  and not the cause of the disease. Surgery
  eliminates the ultimate of the disease and not
  its cause.
• But this ultimate becomes a foreign matter which
  is an obstacle to cure the complete recovery is
  not possible unless this obstacle is removed.
  E.g. sequestrum in osteomyelitis
• Hanemann says in section 7 as well as in its
  foot note

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In aphorism
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• So surgery does not deal with that something
  unknown which is residing in the body and which
  can not be located.
• The concept of disease in homeopathy is that
  disease is a total affection of mind and body,
  the disturbance of the whole organism.
• Individual organs are not the cause of illness
  but disturbance at the inner level (disturbance
  of the life force, the vital energy of the body)
  is the cause of illness. Homeopathy treats the
  patient as a whole and not just the disease.

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• Medical philosophy is coming more and more to the
  conclusion that the mere treatment of symptoms
  and organs can only help temporarily and that it
  is the healing power of the body as whole that
  has to be enhanced. Homeopathy believes in
  holistic, totalistic and individualistic
  approach.
• Hahnemann says in his Organon of medicine in
  aphorism no 189

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• But in case of injuries caused to the body from
  without, the surgical treatment is necessary only
  to the extent that the parts injured require
  mechanical aid whereby the external obstruction
  to cure is removed mechanically. But in such
  injuries also the living organism requires active
  dynamic aid to put it in a position to restore
  the organism to health and homoeopathic treatment
  is called for.
• In certain diseases a stage comes when the
  medicines, homoeopathic or otherwise, cannot be
  of much use, surgery is required in those cases,
  e. g. appendicitis, intestinal obstruction,
  hernia, all sorts of fracture.

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• On one hand surgery can play an important role in
  medicine since some conditions such as congenital
  deformities, structural problems, severe
  injuries, or life-threatening pathological
  conditions are simply not treatable without it.
  At the same time, surgery is often performed
  unnecessarily.
• For example, it is used when the body, given a
  chance, could heal itself using natural and
  non-invasive therapies. Successful surgery does
  not mean that the person is cured. Surgery may
  remove a tumour, a gallstone, or other diseased
  tissue or body parts, but this removal doesn't
  change the underlying pathological processes that
  created them in the first place.

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• Homoeopathic surgery is that form of treatment
  where the so-called surgical cases can be
  averted, managed completely or helped in the
  pre-operative post-operative stages with
  homeopathic medicines only.
• Since surgery is an integral part of medicine,
  Dr. Hahnemann has not left it untouched. He has
  very clearly advocated its use in certain
  conditions, as is manifested from the references
  in Organon-

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• Homoeopathic outlook in Fractures
• The disease comes from within as a result of the
  disturbance in the vital force. Hence the
  treatment must be effected from within for the
  complete cure. The cause of the disease has to be
  taken into consideration for the successful
  treatment.
• In case of fracture of long bones, deformity
  sometimes complete breakage of bone occurs, which
  cannot be set right by the medicines. Here the
  disease has not come from within as a result of
  the disturbed vital force. So this is to be
  corrected by surgery.

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• As is the principle, surgery is the eliminating
  science, it removes the products of the disease
  sometimes the cause of the disease, such as
  external force, foreign body or any other
  condition. Dr. B. K. Sarkar in his commentary on
  Organon, has made this point very clear in simple
  words,
• what comes from within must be treated from
  within what comes from without must be treated
  from without.

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• Homoeopathy in pre and post surgery
• Surgery, at best, is an unpleasant process. Not
  only does the surgical wound cause pain, but
  general anesthesia causes its own side effects.
• Once it is established that surgery is necessary,
  homeopathic remedies can play a vital role in
  reducing any complications that may arise as well
  as accelerating healing and recovery

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• One of homeopathys best-kept secrets is
• its ability to prevent complications from
• surgery.
• Homeopathic remedies can help
• Reduce fear and anxiety prior to surgery
• Aconitum Napellus (aconite) is the first
  remedy for sudden and violent onset of shock or
  trauma accompanied with fear and anxiety, which
  are common emotions experienced before surgery.
  This remedy is most effective when the patient
  fears dying from the surgery

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• Gelsemium 30C is a common remedy for the person
  who experiences great anxiety, apprehension,
  weakness, and trembling prior to surgery.
• When faced with anxiety
• gelsemium or aconite the night before the surgery
  and another dose the morning of. If fear and/or
  anxiety persist after surgery, up to three more
  doses may be taken

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• Excess bleeding during surgery,
• If surgery poses the potential for a large loss
  of blood or undergoing intravenous (IV) therapy -
• Arnica montana - It reduces bleeding during
  surgery, prevents blood from pooling under your
  skin, and minimizes the surgical shock.
• Recommended Dosage 30X or 30C of Arnica the
  night before the surgery, the morning of the
  surgery, and just prior to the surgery.

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• Stop Postoperative Bleeding
• Bleeding occurs frequently after surgery, and
  most people can reduce it with Arnica montana.
  But following remedies can be used when it suits
  specific symptoms.
• Arsenicum album - when excessive bleeding leads
  to great weakness, burning pains, restlessness,
  and anxiety, as well as thirst.
• Cinchona officinalis works best if bleeding and a
  loss of fluids like sweat or urine cause to feel
  faint or have ringing in the ears.

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• Ipecacuanha is used for fast bleeding of bright
  red blood that is often accompanied by nausea or
  a shortness of breath.
• Secale cornutum helps in uterine bleeding and the
  blood is thin and fetid. It's also suitable
  entire body feels hot and aggravated by the heat.
• Recommended Dosage 30X or 30C of one of the
  above remedies every hour for up to four hours
  until the bleeding stops. If the bleeding does
  not slow significantly, try another remedy in the
  same dose. If it starts working complete the
  regimen by taking one to four doses of that
  remedy the next day.

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Dramatically accelerating post-surgical recovery.

• Recovery of digestive function following surgery
• Nausea and Vomiting
• Nausea can prevent you from getting out of
  bed--and you need to move around to regain normal
  bodily functions. And vomiting can irritate the
  muscles and stitching around a wound.

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• The following remedies may be taken every two
  hours during intense symptoms and every four
  hours during less intense discomfort. If
  improvement is not obvious after 24 hours,
  consider another remedy
• Phosphorus 30C helps to prevent or treat nausea
  after surgery especially when the patient has a
  strong thirst for ice drinks and may also have a
  concurrent headache.

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• Ipecacuanha 30C is effective for persistent
  nausea with vomiting, when vomiting does not
  provide relief
• Arsenicum 30C treats violent and incessant
  vomiting, which is made worse by eating or
  drinking cold water. There may also be burning
  pain in the stomach

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• Constipation
• Surgical procedures, especially abdominal or
  gynecological operations, typically slow or stop
  normal bowel function. The following remedies may
  provide relief from constipation. Take one of
  these remedies three times a day for up to four
  days. If there is no improvement after 24 hours,
  stop taking it.
• Arnica 30C helps with constipation due to
  experiencing shock, characterized by a pale skin
  tone

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• China 30C is useful for large accumulation of
  fecal matter that is difficult to expel, and
  especially if the patient is experiencing small
  amounts of diarrhea instead.
• Raphanus 30C is indicated when there is
  constipation with no urgings for a stool and/or
  when there is painful gas in the upper left part
  of the abdomen.

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• Phase Out Flatulence
• Surgery can disrupt your digestive system,
  resulting in flatulence. Gas may collect and
  cause jabbing pains and severe bloating.
• Carbo vegetabilis assists people who suffer from
  great distension and offensive gas. This remedy
  is best if you get relief from release and if
  carbonated drinks ease the gas pains.
• Cinchona officinalis is useful when there is
  more pain than distension, frequent rumbling in
  the abdomen, and no relief from releasing gas.

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• Colocynthis works when there is more pain than
  distension and cramps are relieved by bending
  over.
• Raphanus sativus helps people who have a
  distended abdomen but are unable to expel gas.
• Recommended Dosage Take one of the above in a 6X
  or 6C or 30X or 30C potency every two hours
  during intense pain and every four hours during
  mild discomfort. If you doesn't improve after 24
  hours, try another remedy.

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• Swelling, Stiffness, pain, bruise and Soreness
• Ledum palustre 30C may help to relieve bruising
  and swelling around the eye after surgery. It is
  also useful for pain and swelling after surgery
  on varicose veins.
• Rhus toxicodendron 30C is helpful for relieving
  stiffness, soreness, and restlessness after any
  surgery. It is often recommended after operations
  on tonsils and adenoids, appendectomy, and dental
  surgery

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• Arinica 30c/200c- Pain following surgery is a
  common, if not nearly universal, experience. The
  homeopathic remedy Arnica is traditionally used
  as a treatment for trauma, and therefore has been
  proposed for reducing surgical pain, soreness and
  bruise.
• Calendula 3c/6c/12c/30c promotes the formation
  of granulation tissue.
• Staphysagria30c/200c pain following surgery.

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• Ward off Infections
• Surgical infections from bacteria like
  Staphylococcus aureus affect 500,000 Americans
  annually, according to the Centers for Disease
  Control and Prevention in Atlanta. Infections,
  which can strike an immune system compromised by
  surgery, may cause complications like bleeding
  and prolong your recuperation. Protect yourself
  against infections with Ferrum phosphoricum.
• Recommended Dosage Two days prior to surgery,
  begin taking 6X or 6C of Ferrum four times a day,
  every six hours. Stop taking it the day of your
  surgery.

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• Gynecological Surgery
• Abortion or Miscarriage
• Ignatia 30C, every four hours. Caesarean
  Section or Episiotomy Staphysagria 30C or
  Bellis perennis 30C, every four hours.
  Dilation and curettage (D C) Belladonna
  30C, every 4 hours. Hysterectomy
• Causticum 30C, every four hours

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• Orthopedic Surgery
• Ruta 30C is the first remedy for surgery
  involving cartilage, tendons, ligaments and
  periosteum. It is therefore a great remedy in
  surgeries involving the knees and other joints.
• Scarring
• Thiosinaminum 6X, once a day for one week. Repeat
  one month later if necessary.

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thank you