Fish, Amphibians and Reptiles

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Fish, Amphibians and Reptiles
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Phylum Chordate all have spinal cords

• Subphylum Vertebrates all have a spinal cord
  held within a bony spinal back bone
• Classes are Jawless Cartilage, and Bony Fish

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Fish characteristics all fish have these

• All fish have notochords (they are used for
  support but are eventually replaced by back bones)

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• All have nerve cords
• All have two chamber hearts.
• All live in the water, are aquatic. Except
  mudskippers! And more mudskippers.
• All are cold blooded

Exterior view Click on heart to see HUMAN heart
circulation
Interior View
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All have gill slits to breathe
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Gills feathery organs for gas exchange
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Reproduction
2 distinct sexes usually most are oviparous
they lay eggs
Some of these eggs have hatched. Eyes can be seen
in the unhatched eggs.
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Three Classes of Fish
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Agnathans -Jawless Fish

• No Jaw use suction cups to eat
• No paired fins
• No Scales
• Endoskeleton is all cartilage
• Has a notochord for all its life
• Examples Hagfish and lamprey

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Lamprey have teeth on their TONGUE
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Chondrichithes-Cartilage Fish
Shark video

• Endoskeleton is all cartilage
• First fish type to have jaws, scales and paired
  fins
• Internal fertilization

Manta Ray video click on picture
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Sharks (an order)

• Have rows of teeth
• Most are meat eaters
• Keen sense of smell
• 3000 replaceable teeth in 6-20 rows
• Placoid scales boney, spiny, enamel covering
• Electro receptors sense muscle contractions

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Rays- an order

• Large paired fins extend on body sides like wings
• Live near the ocean floor
• Feed on small fish, mollusks, and crustaceans,
  and croc hunters
• 1-7 meters long( Pacific Manta Rays are the
  largest of the rays, growing up to 17 ft (5.2 m)
  long and 22 ft (6.7m) wide, and weighing up to
  3,500 lb (1,590 kg)

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Osteichthyes -Boney Fish

• Largest class of fish
• Huge variety
• Scales and paired fish
• Both fresh and salt water
• Gills have gill covers to increase water flow
• Lateral line detects vibrations
• Nostrils odor sensitive/better than sight
• Air bladder (swim bladder) regulated swim depth
• Tail called caudal fin

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Scales physical protection
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Fish reproduce by spawning

• Usually external fertilization
• Some cyclicly, others only once in a lifetime

Blue gill spawning bed
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Boney Fish Gallery

• Creatures of the Deep
• Seahorse
• African Cichlids

Clown Fish
Trout
Small mouth bass
Blue Marlin
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Fish Gallery, cont
Salmon spawning
Sunfish
Northern Pike
Butterfly fish
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Coelacanth- thought to be extinct
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Amphibians
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Amphibian means double life
Frog
toad
salamander
newt
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Poison Dart Frogs
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Salamanders
Mud puppy
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All have a three chambered heart
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Breathing

• Use their thin, moist skin to breathe in water or
  land too
• Also use simple lungs to breathe on land

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Lack external ears but have well developed
internal ears, however cant hear high frequency
sounds
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Hibernate in Winter

• Frogs hibernate in the Winter
• Frogs estivate in the Summer
• Frogs are COLD blooded!!

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Metamorphosis
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Amphibian reproduction- external
fertilization eggs are gel-like-must be laid in
water
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Have a cloaca area shared by reproductive
organs, excretory organs and urogenital organs
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TWO Orders

• TAILess Frogs and Toads
• TAILed - Caudates Newts and Salamanders

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Tailed (Caudates) an order

• examples salamanders and newts, mudpuppies
• never lose their tails
• long body, neck and tails
• salamander may keep feathery gills (mudpuppy)
• newts begin with gills, end with lungs
• mostly found in northern hemisphere
• limbs extend at right angles from the long narrow
  body
• all 4 legs about the same size

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Tailess (Anurans)
examples frogs and toads no tail (adult
stage) adapt to environments all over the
world short body no neck frogs smooth moist
skin toads dry rough skin metamorphosis
eggs?tadpole (legless) ? legged ? frog with tail
? frog
Cane Toad
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Caecilians wormlike amphibians

• Includes caecilians
• No legs, most have no tails
• 3-60 inches long
• smooth skin and small eyes
• blind or nearly so
• feeds on worms and insects
• lives in burrows

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Reptiles
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General Characteristics

• Ectotherms (cold blooded)
• Lay water-tight, leathery eggs on land or give
• birth to live young
• Internal fertilization

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General Characteristics, cont

• No metamorphosis
• Breathe with lungs entire life
• Three chambered heart

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• Most have four legs (except snakes)
• Most have claws to dig, climb and run
• Scales prevent drying out and injuries

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Reptiles -4 orders
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Reptiles-Snakes
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Snake Characteristics

• have no ears (tympanic membrane instead)
• use tongues for smelling
• tongue picks up chemicals from the air and
• transfers them to a sensing organ (Jacobs
• organ) in the roof of the mouth

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Pit vipers and some pythons, have heat-sensitive
pits on their face
Some snakes inject venom into the prey through
hollow fangs
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• Pit vipers and some pythons, have heat-sensitive
  pits on their face
• All snakes are predators
• All swallow their prey whole
• Venom is a protein

Jaws un-hing
Some kill prey by constriction
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• They molt when they grow

Non moveable eye lids
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Largest - Anaconda
Most poisonous in world sea snake
Most poisonous in U.S. coral snake
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Lizards
Basilisk Lizard
Frilled Lizard
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Examples iguana, gecko, skink, chameleon
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Can release its tail to escape
Moveable eye lids
Some have long, sticky tongue for capturing food
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Eat spiders, grasshoppers, worms, slugs, and
small insects as well as members of their own
order
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Smallest
Jaragua lizard (adult female), from Beata Island,
on U.S. dime.
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Largest Komodo Dragon
Gila Monster - poisonous
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Alligators and Crocodiles
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Characteristics

• eat any type of animal or will also canabalize
• can live for up to 100 years
• called last living dinosaur
• temperature of egg, determines the sex of
  offspring
• lay about 50 eggs

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• alligators may have 80 teeth and average 6 to 14
  feet but may get up
• to19 ft long
• swallow prey hole
• Crocodiles can reach 6 meters often
• crocodiles have survived for over 200 million
  years
• crocks have narrower snout than alligator

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• crocks can stay under water for up to 2 hours
• most live in shallow water
• only reptile with a 4 chambered heart

Here's what a crocodile heart looks like. Look at
all that plumbing! It has a few features that we
don't have, that I'll get to in a moment, and
that are special adaptations for the life of an
ectothermic, diving ambush predator.
                                                  
                                                  
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Plovers clean crocodiles teeth with no fear of
becoming lunch! What kind of relationship is this?
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Turtles and Tortoises
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• have two hard boney
• shells
• land and water types
• have no teeth

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• endangered due to soups and jewelry
• eat worms, fish and insects, some are also
  herbivores
• use beak to feed
• some can completely hide inside their shells

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More feeding
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• some swim faster than you can run
• turtle more dependent on water environment,
  tortoise is land
• dweller only.