International Conference on

1
International Centre for Science and High
Technology United Nations Industrial Development
Organization

• International Conference on
• Green Energy in Asia Managing the Transition to
  Resource-Efficient and Low-Carbon Industries,
  9-11 Sept 2009, Manila, Philippines
• Next Generation Biofuels Why, What, How, When?
• ICS UNIDO core programme on next generation
  biofuels and chemicals from bio-resources
• Stanislav Miertus, Sergei Zinoviev
• ICS-UNIDO

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Why biofuels and bio-based chemicals?

• Fossil fuel depletion
• Diversification of feedstocks (energy security)
• Kyoto Protocol (bio-feedstocks can be CO2
  neutral)
• Valorization of waste biomass
• Stimulation of new green chemical industry
  development
• Integrated development of agriculture and
  industry
• Improvement of social economic conditions,
  especially in Developing Countries

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Why? Fossil resource depletion
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Why? Fossil carbon use contributes to CO2
emissions
Sources IEA Energy Technology Perspectives
2008 Chairs summary from G8 environment
ministers meeting Kobe, Japan May 24-26, 2008
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What? Biofuels and their generations
Nature (2008), p. 891
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How? Processes and feedstocks
Biodiesel I
Biodiesel II
Biomethanol
DME, MTBE
Biodiesel I
Biodiesel II
Biomethanol
Biodiesel I
Biodiesel II
Biomethanol
DME, MTBE
Biodiesel I
Biodiesel II
Biomethanol
Substitute
Substitute
Substitute
Substitute
Catalytic
Fischer
-
Hydro
-
Trans
-
Catalytic
Fischer
-
Hydro
-
Trans
-
Natural Gas
Natural Gas
Natural Gas
Natural Gas
synthesis
synthesis
Tropsch
cracking
esterification
Tropsch
cracking
esterification
Hydrogen and
Hydrogen and
Hydrogen and
Hydrogen and
chemicals
chemicals
chemicals
chemicals
oils/fats
Synthesis gas
Synthesis gas
Synthesis gas
Synthesis gas




Gasification
Gasification
sugars
Lignocellulose andmixed biomass
Cellulose hydrolysis
Fermentation
Cellulose hydrolysis
Fermentation
Anaerobic digestion
Anaerobic digestion
Anaerobic digestion
Anaerobic digestion
(to sugars)
(to sugars)
Biogas
Biogas
Bioethanol
Bioethanol
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How? Renewable Resources of Vegetal Origin
Annual Consumption
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How? From agricultural wasteAbundant feedstock
for future processes
Pyrolysis of oil palm residues in Malaysia
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How? Algae biomassfuture feedstock for known
processes
- About 2 Tons of CO2 are fixed per ton of
biomass - Cells can store sugars or lipids -
Microalgae can remove P, N compounds from water -
Tens times higher oil yield per Ha than oil crops
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What? High Value Chemicals
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How? Integrated production of fuels and chemicals
in the biorefinery concept

• Biorefinery types
• Whole crop biorefineries
• Green biorefineries
• Lignocellulosic biorefineries

• Biorefinery pathways (platforms)
• Biochemical
• Thermochemical
• Hybrid
• Other chemical

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When? Now Biorefinery examples
India the Council of Scientific and Industrial
Research, or CSIR, has teamed up with
Karnataka-based The Godavari Sugar Mills Ltd, or
GSML, to set up the countrys first biorefinery
to convert crushed sugar cane into industrial raw
materials such as cellulose and
lignin http//www.livemint.com/2008/09/01000457/CS
IR-Godavari-Sugar-to-set-up.html
Demonstration plant is under construction
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When? Now alternative biodiesel production from
oils, e.g. algae
Biodiesel production using lipases in China
ENI green diesel technology
Hydroesterification and heterogeneous
esterification plants in Brazil
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When? As soon as possible!

• There is no general recipe, scenarios can be
  different for different countries planning of
  strategies (LCA, economic, and resource
  availability assessment) is needed
• Small scale biorefineries based on the existing
  agricultural production can be priority goals for
  developing countries
• Introduction of pilot and demonstration
  production of next generation biofuels has to be
  promoted
• Measures have to be taken to promote RD, public
  awareness, and education in the field policy
  input required

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ICS UNIDO core programmes and projects

• NEXT GENERATION BIOFUELS AND BIOREFINERY
• Next generation biofuels
• Biorefinery
• GEOTHERMAL ENERGY
• Exploration and monitoring of resources
• Energy recovery and power plant technology
• RATIONAL DESIGN OF DRUGS AGAINST PANDEMICS
• Computer Design of Potential Drugs against
  Malaria, TB and Dengue
• Synthesis and activity assays of potential drugs
  against Malaria, TB and Dengue, designed by
  computer modelling
• NANO-DRUG-DELIVERY AND NANO-DIAGNOSTICS
• Development of Targeted Nano-Particle-Based
  Drugs for orphan diseases using polymer coatings
  and particle-cell interactions measured using
  optical tweezers
• Development of innovative low cost diagnostic
  methods using state-of-the-art nano-fluidics and
  nano-pore technology combined to give nano-arrays
  for high sensitivity proteomics

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Biofuel value chain and UNIDO radius of attention
FAO
Biomass resources
Supply systems
Conversion
End products
Oil bearing plants Agricultural crops and
residues Woody biomass Industrial andmunicipal
waste
Harvesting, collection, handling, and
storage
Transportation fuels (biodiesel, bioethanol)
Chemical(transesterification)
Solid fuels(wood pellets, charcoal)
Physical chemical(extraction)
Biochemical(fermentation)
HeatElectricity
Thermochemical(gasification)
Next generation biofuels and added value
chemicals
ICS-UNIDO
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ICS-UNIDO activity tools with target on the
outcomes in developing countries

• Research activities
• promotion and implementation of research projects
  
• new lab facilities (catalysis, synthesis,
  molecular modeling)
• Fellowship program 6 -12 months on job
  training, participation in research projects
• Capacity building
• training courses, workshops
• e-learning programme (new facilities)
• ICS-UNIDO Global Network
• on biofuels and bio-based chemicals (centres of
  excellence in developing countries and in
  industrialized countries)

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ICS-UNIDO research focus New and more
sustainable production processes

• Catalytic reforming of bio-based oxygenates
  (e.g. sugars and glycerol) to bio-hydrogen
• Transesterification of waste and algae oils with
  lipases
• Degradation of lignin by laccases to produce
  polyphenols
• Enzymatic hydrolysis of cellulose to sugars
  (modeling study)
• Hydrogenation of selected oxygenated products
  (e.g. furfural) to produce chemicals

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ICS-UNIDO focus Feedstocks for next generation
biofuels bio-based chemicals

• Lignocellulose from wood and woody waste (saw
  dust, wood chips)
• Agro-waste (sugar cane bagasse, rice husk, ...)
• Oils from algae
• Oily waste (waste cooking oil, fats, spent
  coffee)
• By-products of bio-based production (glycerol,
  press cake, FFA, lignin residues, black liquor,
  ...)

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Selected ICS UNIDO Events 2007-2009 on Next
generation biofuelssee also www.ics.trieste.it

• Workshop on Bio-fuels emerging technologies and
  their assessment 4 July 2007, Sustainable
  Plastics and chemical products from renewable
  resources Malaysia
• Workshop on Biofuels RD Technologies for a
  sustainable development in Africa Accra, Ghana,
  December 2007
• Special Session on Biofuels and Chemicals from
  Bio-resources (within the UNIDO Conference on
  Renewable Energies) 14-18 April Dakar, Senegal
• Workshop on Biofuels and bio-based Chemicals
  Trieste, Italy 18-20 September 2008
• Workshop on Sustainable Plastics from renewable
  resources and from agro-food waste Cairo, Egypt
  March 2008
• Workshop on Biofuels, Chemicals and Polymers from
  bio-resources Santa Fe, Argentina 28-30 October
  2008
• Workshop on Next Generation Biofuels and
  bio-based Chemicals Trieste, Italy 21-23 April
  2009
• Seminar Next Generation Biofuels and bio-based
  Chemicals Trieste, Italy 24 April 2009
• Training Course on Next generation biofuels
  Bologna, Italy, 18-23 September 200

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ICS-UNIDO publications 2008-2009 see also
www.ics.trieste.it

• Survey of Future Biofuels and Bio-based
  Chemicals, ICS UNIDO Publication 2008, available
  at www.ics.trieste.it
• BIO-FUELS Technology Status and Future Trends,
  Technology Assessment and Decision Support Tools,
  ICS UNIDO Publication 2008, available at
  www.ics.trieste.it
• A chance to biofuels for a chance to Africa. Will
  the technology make change? S. Zinoviev and S.
  Miertus, Chimica Industria 05 2008, 106-112
• EMERGING TECHNOLOGIES FOR THE SECOND GENERATION
  BIOFUELS Survey and assessment of technical,
  economic and environmental aspects F.
  Mueller-Langer, S. Zinoviev, G. Centi, P.
  Fornasiero, M. Kaltschmitt, S. Miertus to be
  submitted.
• Catalytic Applications in Biodiesel Production
  from Vegetable Oils A ReviewA. Sivasamy, F.
  Kemausuor, P. Fornasiero, K.Y. Cheah, S.
  Zinoviev, S. Miertus ChemSusChem 2009, 2,
  278-300.

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ICS-UNIDO Global Network for new processes and
technologies for biofuels and bio-based chemicals
CEE
Latin America Brazil, Argentina, ...
Russia NIS
ICS-UNIDO
SEA other Asian countries
Africa Ghana, South Africa, Uganda, ...
India
North Africa Mediterranean Basin
China
Centres of excellence in Europe and US
Internationalorganisations
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• THANK YOU

ICS-UNIDO AREA Science Park, Building L2,
Padriciano 99 34012 Trieste, Italy Tel 39 040
9228114 Fax [phone] E-mail Stanislav.Miert
us_at_ics.trieste.it Web http//www.ics.trieste.it