ITI-520:%20Web%20Technology%20Web%20Server%20Setup

1
ITI-520 Web TechnologyWeb Server Setup

• Meeting 2 Apache Installation and Initial
  Configuration
• Rutgers University Internet Institute
• Instructor Chris Uriarte

2
Apache

• The worlds leading web server software (powers
  61 of all web servers in the world)
• Runs on UNIX and Windows platforms. UNIX version
  is the most stable and most widely used.
• Configuration is the same on all UNIX platforms.

3
How Do I Get Apache?

• The Current release of Apache 1.3.12. Released
  October 2000.
• You can download it from the Apache Website
  http//www.apache.org/dist/
• Binary Versions software that is ready-to-use
  for your specific operating system platform
• Source Code the computer code used to build
  Apache. You must use a compiler to build the
  code.
• You can buy a Unix distribution that comes
  bundled with Apache pre-built (most Linux
  distributions include Apache by default).

4
Installing Apache from Source

• Allows you to build the Apache binaries from
  scratch.
• Optimizes Apache for the platform on which it
  will run.
• Allows you to decide whether to build Apache as a
  static or a dynamic server.
• Allows you to decide what modules you want to
  include.
• You need a C compiler (i.e. gcc) to install
  source, which is included in most UNIX
  distributions.

5
Apache Modules

• Apache has a modular structure. Only a core set
  of features exists within the main Apache
  executable.
• Apache Modules provide additional functionality
• Example Module mod_speling The Speling module
  attempts to correct misspellings of URLs that
  users might have entered, namely by checking
  capitalization or by allowing up to one
  misspelling (character insertion, omission,
  transposition, typo).

6
Apache Static vs. Dynamic Servers

• Static Servers
• Must decide at build time what modules to
  include. Recompiling will be necessary to add
  modules later.
• Dynamic Servers
• Uses mod_so to load modules dynamically when
  Apache server is started.
• New modules can usually be added later without
  recompiling.

7
Installing Apache Source

• Create a directory under your iti.rutgers.edu
  home directory called apache
• mkdir apache
• You now need to obtain the Apache source file
  (which youd usually do from http//www.apache.org
  /dist). You can copy the source that is
  contained locally on the iti.rutgers.edu server
• cd apache
• cp chrisjur/apache_1.3.12.tar.gz .
• You should now have the Apache source file under
  your home directory in /home/itiXXXX/apache.

8
Unzipping and Untaring the Source File

• You now have the Apache source distribution under
  your home directory in /home/itiXXXX/apache.
• The source file is actually a group of tared
  files and directories, which is then zipped using
  the gzip utility.
• You can untar and unzip the source distribution
  by issuing
• tar xvzf apache_1.3.12.tar.gz

9
Unzipping and Untaring the Source File cont.

• Unpacking the distribution file will create
  another directory under /home/itiXXXX/apache
  called apache_1.3.12 (/home/itiXXXX/apache/apach
  e_1.3.12).
• cd to the apache_1.3.12 to view the files and
  directories that are included in the distribution.

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Sample Directory Listing from Source Distribution

• iti cd apache_1.3.12
• iti ls
• ABOUT_APACHE LICENSE README.NT
  conf htdocs
• Announcement Makefile README.configure
  config.layout icons
• INSTALL Makefile.tmpl WARNING-NT.TXT
  config.status logs
• KEYS README cgi-bin
  configure src
• iti ls -al
• total 272
• drwx------ 8 chrisjur users 4096 Oct 15
  2021 .
• drwx------ 13 chrisjur users 4096 Oct 15
  2110 ..
• -rw------- 1 chrisjur users 12957 Mar 31
  1999 ABOUT_APACHE
• -rw------- 1 chrisjur users 2922 Feb 23
  2000 Announcement
• -rw------- 1 chrisjur users 27964 Dec 21
  1999 INSTALL
• -rw------- 1 chrisjur users 35773 Aug 20
  1999 KEYS
• -rw------- 1 chrisjur users 2848 Jan 1
  1999 LICENSE
• -rw------- 1 chrisjur users 26929 Oct 15
  2020 Makefile
• -rw------- 1 chrisjur users 26758 Jan 11
  2000 Makefile.tmpl
• -rw------- 1 chrisjur users 2046 Apr 1
  1998 README
• -rw------- 1 chrisjur users 3132 Mar 19
  1999 README.NT

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Apache Installation Step 1

• Before actually building the Apache binaries, you
  must run a configure utility, which inspects your
  system and prepares the distribution for
  compiling.
• The configure script is located in the directory
  that was created when you unpacked the Apache
  source distribution (i.e. /home/itiXXX/apache/apac
  he_1.3.12)

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Apache Installation Step 1 cont.

• Run the configure script like this
• ./configure --prefix/home/itiXXX/apache
• The prefix flag tells Apache where you actually
  want to install the software and configuration
  files.
• It also builds the Apache software so it knows
  where to look for configuration files

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Apache Installation Step 2

• After the configure script runs successfully, you
  now need to compile the software code into the
  actual binaries.
• You can start the compile by issuing the make
  command in the Apache distribution directory,
  i.e
• cd /home/itiXXX/apache/apache_1.3.12
• make
• The compile process will take 2-10 minutes,
  depend

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Apache Installation Step 3

• When the compile is complete, you can install the
  software and configuration files by issuing the
  make install command.
• This will copy the built binaries and
  configuration files into the /home/itiXXXX/apache
  directory you specified when you ran the
  configuration script. We will now refer to this
  directory as the Server Root directory.

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The Server Root Directory

• Examine the contents of the Server Root
  directory. You now have a group of directories
  Apache uses
• bin the location of the actual apache program
  and other utilities
• conf location of the configuration files
• htdocs the directory where web pages and and
  associated files are kept
• logs where apache keeps log files
• man UNIX man pages for apache
• cgi-bin the directory where CGI scripts are kept

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Apache and Privileged Ports

• Any TCP/IP port gt1024 is considered a privileged
  port.
• Privileged Ports can only be accessed by
  applications started by the root user.
• Therefore, since you are not the root user on
  this system, you must configure Apache to use a
  port gt1024.

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Quickstart Change the Port Number your Apache
Server Uses

• cd to the Apache conf directory
  (/home/itiXXX/apache/conf)
• Use a text editory to open the httpd.conf file,
  which is the main Apache configuratio file.
• Find the line that says Port XX. Your file may
  say Port 8080 or some other number.

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Change your Apache Port, cont.

• Replace the number next to the Port directive
  to a number that corresponds to you.
• Use the numeric portion of your iti.rutgers.edu
  username. For example, if your username is
  iti2345, use port 2345 as your port number.
• Exit your editor and save the file.

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Getting Ready to Run Apache for the First Time

• Apache is configured to look for web documents in
  the htdocs directory under the server root
  (/home/itiXXX/apache/htdocs).
• Be default, a page called index.html is the
  first page of a the website returned to clients.
• Examine the index.html file in your htdocs
  directory.

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Starting Apache The Hard Way

• The actual Apache binary is called httpd and it
  resides in the Apache bin directory.
• You can start Apache by simply executing the
  httpd command
• cd apache/bin
• ./httpd
• Apache is now started!

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Verify that Your Instance of Apache is Working

• Point a web browser to http//iti.rutgers.edultPOR
  Tgt
• You should see a default Apache web page appear
  (the contents of the htdocs/index.html document
  we looked at earlier)

22
Stopping Apache The Hard Way

• Remember, every time you execute a program on a
  UNIX operating system, a process is created
• You can kill processes by using the kill command
• You can kill Apache by issuing the following
  commend
• kill TERM cat /home/itiXXXX/apache/logs/httpd.pi
  d

23
Starting and Stopping Apache The Easy Way
with apachectl

• A script called apachectl is included in the
  apache/bin directory.
• You can use apachectl to start, stop and restart
  the Apache server very simple to use
• cd /home/itiXXXX/apache/bin/
• ./apachectl startstoprestart

24
Apache Startup, cont.

• Common practice to start apache at boot time with
  rc scripts located in /etc/rc.d. Typical name and
  location for Apache rc script /etc/rc.d/init.d/ht
  tpd on Linux systems. Symbolic links set for
  various run levels.
• The commands used to start Apache are usually
  placed in the /etc/rc.local startup file on BSD
  systems
• Solaris systems usually place a startup script in
  the /etc/rc2.d or /etc/rc3.d directories.
• The root user must add Apache startup commands to
  the startup scripts on the system.

25
Apache Configuration Files

• Configuration files are placed in the conf/
  directory and include
• httpd.conf master configuration file
• access.conf and srm.conf no longer used
• Since version 1.3.4, all you configuration is
  done in the httpd.conf file the srm.conf and
  access.conf files are no longer needed.
• Apache needs to know location of httpd.conf file
  to start. If httpd.conf needs to move after
  initial install need to specify location with f
  option when starting server.
• httpd f /path/to/httpd/.conf

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httpd.conf IP address and Port

• The BindAddress and Port directives in the
  httpd.conf tell Apache which IP addresses and
  ports to listen on. Usage
• Tells Apache to use the default IP address for
  this system
• BindAddress
• Tells Apache to listen for web requests on Port
  80
• Port 80

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Tell Apache to Listen To Additional Ports and IP
addresses

• The Listen directive in the httpd.conf tells
  Apache to listen to additional Ports and/or
  Port/IP address combinations.
• Usage
• Listen ltPort Numbergt or
• Listen ltIPgtltPort Numbergt
• These IP/Ports are used in addition to the IP and
  Port specified in the BindAddress and Port
  directive described earlier.

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httpd.conf Basic Configuration Directives

• ServerName iti.rutgers.edu The name of this
  server we use to respond to web clients with. If
  the server does not have a real internet name,
  use the IP address instead.
• ServerType standalone - We always set this to
  standalone.

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httpd.conf Basic Configuration Directives

• User nobody, Group nobody - For security reasons,
  we usually run Apache assumes the identity of a
  non-root user and group on the system. A lot of
  times we run Apache as the nobody user/group.
• ServerAdmin itiXXX_at_iti.rutgers.edu - A contact
  address to report problems returned to the web
  client when an error occurs.

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httpd.conf Basic Configuration

• ServerRoot /home/itiXXXX/apache - Where Apache
  keeps all its essential files.
• DocumentRoot /usr/local/apache/htdocs - Where
  the actual Web pages reside.
• ErrorLog /home/itiXXXX/apache/logs/error_log
  The location of the Apache error log
• PidFile /home/itiXXXX/apache/logs/httpd.pid
  -Process id for the Apache parent process. Used
  with the kill command to stop Apache.

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httpd.conf Virtual Directories

• Sometime you want to create a Virtual Directory,
  where a document directory may not exist under
  your htdocs directory, but you want web clients
  to have access to it.
• This is configured using the Alias directive in
  the httpd.conf, usage
• Alias ltvirtualdirectorygt ltreal directorygt

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Virtual Directories, cont.

• For example, if your Document Root is the default
  htdocs directory and you want web client to
  access a directory that contains Icons
  (/home/itiXXXX/apache/icons), you can create a
  Virtual Virtual Directory called myicons like
  this
• Alias /myicons /home/itiXXXX/apache/icons
• Now web clients can access this virtual directory
  by going to http//iti.rutgers.eduXXXX/myicons
  to view the files in the icons directory.

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httpd.conf Redirects

• The Redirect directive allows web clients to
  access a URL on your system and be re-directed to
  a remote URL somewhere else.
• Usage
• Redirect /localpath http//remoteurl
• Example
• Redirect /photos http//members.yahoo.com/user/pho
  tos
• Redirects all request to http//yoursite.com/photo
  s to http//members.yahoo.com/user/photos
• Useful when you move portions of a webpage

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Giving Web Access to Users on the System

• Individual users on your system may wan the
  ability to post web content.
• The UserDir Apache directive, allows each user on
  the system to create an special directory used to
  contain web content.
• Usage UserDir public_html
• Now system users can place all of their web
  documents in a directory called public_html under
  their home directory. These documents can be
  accessed via the URL http//systemname/username.

35
Access Control Files

• Per directory configuration files can be used to
  supplement or override settings set on the server
  level. Most commonly used to password-protect a
  directory.
• Allows for on-the-fly changes. No need to
  restart the server.
• Generally referred to as .htaccess files even
  though the actual name of the file can be set in
  httpd.conf AccessFileName .htaccess

36
Access Restrictions by Location

• Access to directory contents can be granted or
  denied by IP address, network, hostname or name.
• ltDirectory /home/apache/apache/htdocs/restrictedgt
  
• order deny,allow deny from all allow from
  165.230.30.68 .rutgers.edu iti.rutgers.edu
• lt/Directorygt
• Best to control access by IP address rather than
  hostname to avoid require DNS lookups for every
  attempted connection.
• You can place these blocks access control blocks
  in the httpd.conf file or in an .htaccess file.

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The Index File

• When a web browser points to a directory, rather
  than a particular file (e.g. http//www.internet.r
  utgers.edu/II/ITI520 vs. http//www.internet.rutge
  rs.edu/II/ITI520/index.html), Apache looks for an
  index file, which is the default web page for a
  particular directory.
• You can specify the name of acceptable index
  files by using the DirectoryIndex directive in
  the httpd.conf file.
• Usage DirectoryIndex filename filename
• Apache will look for the index file names
  specified when a request is made to a directory.

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Indexing

• What happens if you type a URL into a browser
  that points to a directory rather than a specific
  file?
• Will load the index file if directory includes
  any of the files specified with DirectoryIndex in
  httpd.conf DirectoryIndex index.html index.htm
• If no index file exists and indexing has been
  enabled, will get a directory listing.
• If no index file exists and indexing has been
  disabled, will get an error message.
• Advisable to leave indexing disabled for security
  reasons unless there is a specific need for it.

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Indexing, cont.

• To enable indexing in httpd.conf
• Options Indexes
• Fancy indexing generates listing that includes
  representative icon, name, last modified, size,
  and description
• IndexOptions FancyIndexing
• Indexing requires module mod_autoindex, which is
  installed by default.

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Access Control Files, cont.

• Level of overrides allowed should also be set in
  httpd.conf AllowOverride NoneAllOptionsIndexes
  FileInfoAuthConfigLimit Default is All.
• Access control file is placed in root of
  directory for which configuration is being
  modified.

41
Downloading a Binary Distribution

• The Apache Foundation has pre-built binary
  distributions that are built for specific
  operating systems.
• You can download binary distributions at
  http//www.apache.org/dist/binaries/.
• Look for the folder that contains your operating
  system
• Download the current version. The file has a
  name similar to this apache_1.3.12-i686-whatever
  -linux2.tar.gz

42
Sample Linux Apache Installation with RPM

• Download apache-ltversiongt.i386.rpm from
  ftp//ftp.redhat.com/pub/redhat/current/i386/RedHa
  t/RPMS or from one of Red Hat mirrors.
• In download directory type
• rpm -ivh apache-1.3.9-4.i386.rpm
• Apache is included with most Linux distributions
  (RedHat, Mandrake, SuSE, etc.) and can be
  selected for inclusion during installation

43
Linus RPM Install of Apache Whats Installed and
Where

• /usr/sbin/httpd - Apache binary
• /etc/httpd/conf - Apache configuration files
• /var/log/httpd - Apache log files
• /home/httpd - Website content files
• /usr/lib/apache - Apache modules
• /etc/rc.d/init.d/httpd - Script to start Apache
  automatically at boot time.
• To see full list of installed files type rpm
  --query -l apache-1.3.9-4

44
Graphical Tools for Managing Apache

• Apache Only Graphical Tools
• Comanche
• TkApache
• ServerConfig/2
• General Graphical Tools that Support Apache
• Linuxconf (comes with Red Hat Linux)
• Webmin
• Download information available at
  http//gui.apache.org

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Commanche GUI install

• Commanche available at http//comanche.com.dtu.dk/
  comanche/download.html
• Demo