British History for Literature

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Title: British History for Literature

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British History for Literature
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(No Transcript)
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House of Wessex 802-1016
Egbert (802-39 Alfred the Great (871-99
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Danish Line (1014-42)
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House of Wessex Restored 1042-66

Edward the Confessor

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1066Battle of Hastings
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William the Conqueror (1066-87)

The first of the Norman kings who
reigned in England
Brutally transformed English society
Married Matilda of Flanders
Produced nine children but
quarreled with his eldest son
Robert
William the Conqueror brought
Jewish moneylenders to England.
They became objects of hate and
in 1189 there were widespread
massacres of Jews.

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Descendants of William the Conqueror
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Tower of London
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White Tower
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William Rufus, II Of England (1058-1100)

The second son of William the Conqueror
Became King of England on his father's
death though his elder brother Robert
Duke of Normandy contested it.
William Rufus's short reign was spent
defending his crown against his elder
brother and fighting rebellions
Died while hunting in the New Forest from
a stray arrow.
He was not married and had no children
and on his death his younger brother
Henry claimed the throne.

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HENRY I (1068-1135)

The third son
of William the conqueror
Born in
England and succeeded to the throne on
his brother's death
Strengthened
his claim to the throne by marrying
Matilda II descendant of Anglo-Saxon
kings and sister of Edgar of Scotland
Their son and
heir was drowned in 1120
and after a long and relatively peaceful
reign he left the succession to be
contested between his daughter Matilda
his chosen heir and his nephew Stephen.

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Stephen
1135-1154

Nephew of Henry I
Crowned king of England on 22nd
December 1135
Married Matilda of Boulogne
Had a life-long rival in Matilda, Henry I's
daughter, who also had a strong
claim to the English throne
In February 1141 he was captured at the
Battle of Lincoln and held in prison
but Matilda mismanaged and
Stephen regained the throne
In 1153 both is queen and his eldest son
died and he was persuaded to
recognise Henry Plantagenet his
nephew as his heir
Died in October 1154

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Empress Matilda 1141 AD
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HENRY II (1133-1189)

In 1152 he married Eleanor of Aquitaine
In 1154 he became King of England
In 1171 he invaded Ireland and was recognised as
Lord by nearly all the Irish kings
In 1173 his wife and sons turned against him and
he quarrelled fatally with his one time friend
Thomas Becket Archbishop of Canterbury
Created the judicial system and the Common Law
Died 1189, Richard I became King

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Eleanor of Aquitaine

Eleanor of Aquitaine was the consort of
Louis VII of France, then of Henry II of
England.
Two of her sons (Richard and John) went
on to become kings of England.
She threatened Henry's power and even
urged her three sons into an unsuccessful
revolt in 1173.
Henry stuck Eleanor in prison for fifteen
years, but in 1189 she helped her son
Richard ("TheLion-Hearted") to the
throne, and for many years ruled in his
absence.

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THOMAS BECKET

Henry II made him Archbishop of
Canterbury in 1162
Eventually he put the Church's
interests above those of Henry II
the King lost patience and brought him
to trial
Escaped and went into exile in Normandy
Claimed that only the Archbishop of
Canterbury could crown kings and
returned to England to punish those
who had abused his rights
Henry was angry and in 1170 four knights
murdered Becket in Canterbury cathedral
Formally canonised by Pope Alexander III
in 1173.

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RICHARD I, COEUR DE LION (1157-1199)

The third son of Henry II and Eleanor of
Aquitaine
In 1189 he became King of England on Henry's
death but shortly after in 1190 he set off on the
Third Crusade, leaving his brother John in charge
On his return home he was captured and held to
ransom by Leopold of Austria

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King John I (Lackland)1199-1216

The youngest son of Henry II
and Eleanor of Aquitaine
Lost all the French provinces
to Philip August II of France
in 1204
Accepted the Magna Carta in
1215
His reign ended with England
at Civil War

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HENRY III (1207-1272)

Succeeded in October 1216 at the
age of nine and was King for 56 years
Struggled constantly with the barons
ending in the second Barons War
Defeated at Lewes in 1264 and was
dethroned by Simon de Montfort
Restored to the throne in 1265 by
the victory of his son Edward at
the Battle of Evesham
Concentrated on the rebuilding of
Westminster Abbey in the later
years of his long reign

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EDWARD I (1239-1307

King of England from 1272 to 1307
Reorganised the judicial system, and fought
campaigns against Wales and Scotland hoping for a
united Britain
Won Wales but lost Scotland
Also lost Aquitaine
In 1290 he expelled the Jews
Married Eleanor of Castile and afterwards
Margaret of France
Died deeply in debt in 1307

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Edward II 1307-1327)

14th and last child of Edward I and
Eleanor of Castile
Married Isabella of France in 1308
Became alienated from his queen
through his friendship with Hugh
Despenser
In September 1325 Isabella and
Roger Mortimer invaded England
Edward was captured and forced to
abdicate in favour of Edward III
Attempts to rescue him sealed his
fate and led to his murder in 1327
Edward II's murderers inserted red hot
rods into his bowels which killed him but
left no mark on his body.

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Edward III (1327-77)

In 1330 organized the arrest and execution
of Roger Mortimer to take power himself
During his reign he waged war against
Scotland and France
Started the Hundred Years War
Captured King John of France in 1356 and
although he dropped his pretensions to
the French throne he regained all the
territory his predecessors had been
fighting for since 1259
Founded the Order of the Garter in 1348
to 1349
His war with the French was continued by
his son the Black Prince who died in 1326.

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Descendants of Edward III
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The Black Death

St George replaced Edward the Confessor as Patron
Saint of England in 1348 but couldnt protect the
country from the Black Death which arrived that
year.
The Church was weakened by the nation's loss of
faith.
The Scots invaded only to be overcome by the
disease.
At last the plague abated and by 1355 England was
back at war with France.

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Genealogy
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Richard II (1377-99)
28
Notes

Son of Edward the Black Prince and Joan of Kent
Acceded to the throne as a boy/John of Gaunt
acted as guardian
Married Anne of Bohemia
Showed courage during the Peasants Revolt
Fell out with his ministers and advisers and was
Humiliated at the Merciless Parliament in 1388.
Avenged this humiliation by dispossessing a third
of the nobility becoming a very wealthy King
In 1399 he went to Ireland and lost two armies in
two weeks
Surrendered at Conway and was forced to abdicate
in 1399 and was imprisoned
Died, probably murdered, in 1400.

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Richard II at Assassination of Wat Tyler
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Capture of Richard IIs Advisors
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Richard II at Tower of London
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Deposition of Richard II
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Descendents of Lionel, Duke of Clarence
LIONEL PLANTAGENET, third son of King EDWARD
III, had an only child, PHILIPPA, who m. Edmund
Mortimer, Earl of March, and had five
children1. ROGER, Earl of March. Who died in
1398, leaving a son Edmund, Earl of March, and a
daughter LADY ANNE MORTIMER, Who married
Richard Plantagenet, Earl of Cambridge and was
mother of RICHARD PLANTAGENET, Duke of York, who
left, with other issue, a son, KING EDWARD IV.
2. Edmund (Sir), who settled in North Britain.
3. John (Sir), put to death in 1424, s.p. 4.
Elizabeth, m. to Henry Percy, the renowned
Hotspur. 5. Philippa Lionel, Duke of Clarence,
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Descendants of John of Gaunt
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Henry IV(1399-1413)
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Notes on Henry IV

In 1387, he became one of the Lord Appellants
Exiled in 1398 for his part in the execution of
Richard II's favorite de Vere
Returned to claim his inheritance which Richard
had confiscated on John of Gaunt's death
Deposed the King at Flint Castle in 1399
Parliament limited his finances which led to the
Percy rebellion which the King controlled
eventually
After 1405 he was reputed to be physically
incapable of leading his troops
Died of his illnesses in 1413

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JOHN OF GAUNT

Duke of Lancaster, King of Castile and Leon,
Duke of Aquitaine a younger son of Edward III
Born in Ghent hence Gaunt
Married Blanche of Lancaster
On Richard II's accession, John became
Steward of England
Fell out with the King and left England in 1386
Returned in 1389 and remained loyal to the King
even though his son was the challenger
In 1396 he married his third wife and long-time
mistress Catherine Swynford, and won
legitimisation of their children the Beauforts
Died in 1399

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Edmund Mortimer
Edmund Mortimer was brother in law to Henry Percy
(Hotspur) They were angered by the coup d'etat
mounted by Henry IV however, at first they sided
with the new king when Glyn Dwr's revolt broke
out. After the Battle of Pilleth in 1402 Mortimer
was captured by Glyn Dwr, married his daughter
and joined his team. Henry IV made no attempt to
ransom him he knew that the Mortimers were a
threat to the Crown. By the famous tripartite
agreement which divided Wales and England between
Glyn Dwr, Percy and Mortimer, Edmund would have
become king of southern England. He was killed
fighting for Glyn Dwr at the siege of Harlech in
1409.
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Henry V (1413-22)

Wanted to conquer France and
claim the throne
Won a huge victory at Agincourt
Recognised as Charles VI's heir in
June 1420 at the Treaty of Troyes
Married the French Princess
Catherine
Died of exhaustion and disease
in 1422

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Henry VI (1422-61,1470-1)
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Edward IV (1461-70, 1471-83)
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Edward V (1483)
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Richard III (1483-5)
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Henry VII (1485-1509)
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Henry VIII 1509-47)
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Wives of Henry VIII
Anne Boleyn Jane Seymore
Catherine Howard
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Edward VI (1547-53)
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Lady Jane Grey 1553
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Mary I (1553-8)
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Elizabeth I (1558-1603)
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James I (1603-25)
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Charles I (1625-49)
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The Commonwealth (1649-1660)
Oliver Cromwell
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Charles II (1660-85)
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James II (1685-88)
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William III and Mary II 1689-1702

In 1677 married the daughter of the future
James II of England
In 1688 English Protestants asked him to
invade England to dislodge James II.
Landed 5th November and James fled.
Parliament offered William and Mary joint
monarchy in February 1689
In July1690 he led his army against James's
Jacobites in Ireland at Battle of the Boyne
Died in 1702 after falling from his horse

Daughter of James II and wife of her cousin,
William of Orange
Ruled in joint monarchy with William from
April 1689
Died of smallpox in December 1694

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THE ACT OF SETTLEMENT 1701

The Act provided for the succession of a
Protestant to the
throne. In the event of William III and then
Queen Anne
dying childless the crown would then pass to
Sophia,
Electress of Hanover and her heirs.
The Act ensured the Hanoverian succession by
passing over
the superior hereditary rights of the
Stuarts.
It required the sovereign to be an Anglican
the sovereign to seek consent of Parliament
before engaging
in wars for the defence of possessions
abroad not
belonging to the Crown of England
that only natives of Britain were eligible to
hold office or
receive grants of crown lands
that judges were removable only by address by
both Houses
of Parliament
that royal pardons were powerless to bar
impeachments.

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Anne 1702-14)

The last of the Stuarts
Second daughter of James II
and Anne Hyde
Married Prince George of
Denmark in 1683
None of their children survived them
In 1701 she also agreed to the Act of
Settlement which led to the
Hanoverian dynasty, but she would
not allow any claimant to settle in
England in her lifetime

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George I 1714-1727

Elector of Hanover and so became the
first of the British Hanoverian monarchs,
a dynasty that continued until the death
of Victoria in 1901
He spoke hardly any English and showed
little liking for the British
Admired the British army and believed he
could use it to counter his enemies on the
continent
George I married his cousin, divorced her
and locked her up in Ahlden Castle for the
rest of her life (32 years).
Concerned with Hanover as much as
Britain and died on his way there in 1727

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George II 1727-60

Elector of Hanover
Only son of George I and Sophia
Dorothea of Celle
Remembered as the last English monarch
to lead his troops into battle
Wed Caroline of Ansbach in 1705
In 1714 was made Prince of Wales
In 1717 he fell out with his father
(a trait of all Georgian princes)
Set up a rival court at Leicester House
There was reconciliation before his
father's death in 1727

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GEORGE III (1738-1820)

first Hanoverian monarch to be born and bred in
Britain
Grandson of George II (his father Frederick was
dead)
Married Princess Charlotte of Mecklenburg
Strelitz in 1761 and they had 15 children
Ruled over war with France, the loss of the
American colonies, violent unrest in Ireland and
India
In the early 1780s he considered abdicating
Suffered recurrent outbreaks of madness
In 1811 his son became regent

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George IV 1820-1830