British History for Literature

1
British History for Literature
2
(No Transcript)
3
House of Wessex 802-1016
Egbert (802-39 Alfred the Great (871-99
4
Danish Line (1014-42)
5
House of Wessex Restored 1042-66

• Edward the Confessor

6
1066Battle of Hastings
7
William the Conqueror (1066-87)

• The first of the Norman kings who
• reigned in England
• Brutally transformed English society
• Married Matilda of Flanders
• Produced nine children but
• quarreled with his eldest son
• Robert
• William the Conqueror brought
• Jewish moneylenders to England.
• They became objects of hate and
• in 1189 there were widespread
• massacres of Jews.

8
Descendants of William the Conqueror
9
Tower of London
10
White Tower
11
William Rufus, II Of England (1058-1100)

• The second son of William the Conqueror
• Became King of England on his father's
• death though his elder brother Robert
• Duke of Normandy contested it.
• William Rufus's short reign was spent
• defending his crown against his elder
• brother and fighting rebellions
• Died while hunting in the New Forest from
  
• a stray arrow.
• He was not married and had no children
• and on his death his younger brother
• Henry claimed the throne.

12
HENRY I (1068-1135)

• The third son
  of William the conqueror
• Born in
  England and succeeded to the throne on
• 
  his brother's death
• Strengthened
  his claim to the throne by marrying
• 
  Matilda II descendant of Anglo-Saxon
• 
  kings and sister of Edgar of Scotland
• Their son and
  heir was drowned in 1120
• 
  and after a long and relatively peaceful
• 
  reign he left the succession to be
• 
  contested between his daughter Matilda
• 
  his chosen heir and his nephew Stephen.

13
Stephen
1135-1154

• Nephew of Henry I
• Crowned king of England on 22nd
• December 1135
• Married Matilda of Boulogne
• Had a life-long rival in Matilda, Henry I's
• daughter, who also had a strong
• claim to the English throne
• In February 1141 he was captured at the
• Battle of Lincoln and held in prison
• but Matilda mismanaged and
• Stephen regained the throne
• In 1153 both is queen and his eldest son
• died and he was persuaded to
• recognise Henry Plantagenet his
• nephew as his heir
• Died in October 1154

14
Empress Matilda 1141 AD
15
HENRY II (1133-1189)

• In 1152 he married Eleanor of Aquitaine
• In 1154 he became King of England
• In 1171 he invaded Ireland and was recognised as
  Lord by nearly all the Irish kings
• In 1173 his wife and sons turned against him and
  he quarrelled fatally with his one time friend
  Thomas Becket Archbishop of Canterbury
• Created the judicial system and the Common Law
• Died 1189, Richard I became King

16
Eleanor of Aquitaine

• Eleanor of Aquitaine was the consort of
• Louis VII of France, then of Henry II of
• England.
• Two of her sons (Richard and John) went
• on to become kings of England.
• She threatened Henry's power and even
• urged her three sons into an unsuccessful
• revolt in 1173.
• Henry stuck Eleanor in prison for fifteen
• years, but in 1189 she helped her son
• Richard ("TheLion-Hearted") to the
• throne, and for many years ruled in his
• absence.

17
THOMAS BECKET

• Henry II made him Archbishop of
• Canterbury in 1162
• Eventually he put the Church's
• interests above those of Henry II
• the King lost patience and brought him
• to trial
• Escaped and went into exile in Normandy
• Claimed that only the Archbishop of
• Canterbury could crown kings and
• returned to England to punish those
• who had abused his rights
• Henry was angry and in 1170 four knights
• murdered Becket in Canterbury cathedral
• Formally canonised by Pope Alexander III
• in 1173.

18
RICHARD I, COEUR DE LION (1157-1199)

• The third son of Henry II and Eleanor of
  Aquitaine
• In 1189 he became King of England on Henry's
  death but shortly after in 1190 he set off on the
  Third Crusade, leaving his brother John in charge
• On his return home he was captured and held to
  ransom by Leopold of Austria

19
King John I (Lackland)1199-1216

• The youngest son of Henry II
• and Eleanor of Aquitaine
• Lost all the French provinces
• to Philip August II of France
• in 1204
• Accepted the Magna Carta in
• 1215
• His reign ended with England
• at Civil War

20
HENRY III (1207-1272)

• Succeeded in October 1216 at the
• age of nine and was King for 56 years
• Struggled constantly with the barons
• ending in the second Barons War
• Defeated at Lewes in 1264 and was
• dethroned by Simon de Montfort
• Restored to the throne in 1265 by
• the victory of his son Edward at
• the Battle of Evesham
• Concentrated on the rebuilding of
• Westminster Abbey in the later
• years of his long reign

21
EDWARD I (1239-1307

• King of England from 1272 to 1307
• Reorganised the judicial system, and fought
  campaigns against Wales and Scotland hoping for a
  united Britain
• Won Wales but lost Scotland
• Also lost Aquitaine
• In 1290 he expelled the Jews
• Married Eleanor of Castile and afterwards
  Margaret of France
• Died deeply in debt in 1307

22
Edward II 1307-1327)

• 14th and last child of Edward I and
• Eleanor of Castile
• Married Isabella of France in 1308
• Became alienated from his queen
• through his friendship with Hugh
• Despenser
• In September 1325 Isabella and
• Roger Mortimer invaded England
• Edward was captured and forced to
• abdicate in favour of Edward III
• Attempts to rescue him sealed his
• fate and led to his murder in 1327
• Edward II's murderers inserted red hot
• rods into his bowels which killed him but
• left no mark on his body.

23
Edward III (1327-77)

• In 1330 organized the arrest and execution
• of Roger Mortimer to take power himself
• During his reign he waged war against
• Scotland and France
• Started the Hundred Years War
• Captured King John of France in 1356 and
• although he dropped his pretensions to
• the French throne he regained all the
• territory his predecessors had been
• fighting for since 1259
• Founded the Order of the Garter in 1348
• to 1349
• His war with the French was continued by
• his son the Black Prince who died in 1326.

24
Descendants of Edward III
25
The Black Death

• St George replaced Edward the Confessor as Patron
  Saint of England in 1348 but couldnt protect the
  country from the Black Death which arrived that
  year.
• The Church was weakened by the nation's loss of
  faith.
• The Scots invaded only to be overcome by the
  disease.
• At last the plague abated and by 1355 England was
  back at war with France.

26
Genealogy
27
Richard II (1377-99)
28
Notes

• Son of Edward the Black Prince and Joan of Kent
• Acceded to the throne as a boy/John of Gaunt
• acted as guardian
• Married Anne of Bohemia
• Showed courage during the Peasants Revolt
• Fell out with his ministers and advisers and was
• Humiliated at the Merciless Parliament in 1388.
• Avenged this humiliation by dispossessing a third
• of the nobility becoming a very wealthy King
• In 1399 he went to Ireland and lost two armies in
  
• two weeks
• Surrendered at Conway and was forced to abdicate
• in 1399 and was imprisoned
• Died, probably murdered, in 1400.

29
Richard II at Assassination of Wat Tyler
30
Capture of Richard IIs Advisors
31
Richard II at Tower of London
32
Deposition of Richard II
33
Descendents of Lionel, Duke of Clarence
LIONEL PLANTAGENET, third son of King EDWARD
III, had an only child, PHILIPPA, who m. Edmund
Mortimer, Earl of March, and had five
children1. ROGER, Earl of March. Who died in
1398, leaving a son Edmund, Earl of March, and a
daughter LADY ANNE MORTIMER, Who married
Richard Plantagenet, Earl of Cambridge and was
mother of RICHARD PLANTAGENET, Duke of York, who
left, with other issue, a son, KING EDWARD IV.
2. Edmund (Sir), who settled in North Britain.
3. John (Sir), put to death in 1424, s.p. 4.
Elizabeth, m. to Henry Percy, the renowned
Hotspur. 5. Philippa Lionel, Duke of Clarence,
34
Descendants of John of Gaunt
35
Henry IV(1399-1413)
36
Notes on Henry IV

• In 1387, he became one of the Lord Appellants
• Exiled in 1398 for his part in the execution of
• Richard II's favorite de Vere
• Returned to claim his inheritance which Richard
• had confiscated on John of Gaunt's death
• Deposed the King at Flint Castle in 1399
• Parliament limited his finances which led to the
• Percy rebellion which the King controlled
• eventually
• After 1405 he was reputed to be physically
• incapable of leading his troops
• Died of his illnesses in 1413

37
JOHN OF GAUNT

• Duke of Lancaster, King of Castile and Leon,
• Duke of Aquitaine a younger son of Edward III
• Born in Ghent hence Gaunt
• Married Blanche of Lancaster
• On Richard II's accession, John became
• Steward of England
• Fell out with the King and left England in 1386
• Returned in 1389 and remained loyal to the King
• even though his son was the challenger
• In 1396 he married his third wife and long-time
• mistress Catherine Swynford, and won
• legitimisation of their children the Beauforts
• Died in 1399

38
Edmund Mortimer
Edmund Mortimer was brother in law to Henry Percy
(Hotspur) They were angered by the coup d'etat
mounted by Henry IV however, at first they sided
with the new king when Glyn Dwr's revolt broke
out. After the Battle of Pilleth in 1402 Mortimer
was captured by Glyn Dwr, married his daughter
and joined his team. Henry IV made no attempt to
ransom him he knew that the Mortimers were a
threat to the Crown. By the famous tripartite
agreement which divided Wales and England between
Glyn Dwr, Percy and Mortimer, Edmund would have
become king of southern England. He was killed
fighting for Glyn Dwr at the siege of Harlech in
1409.  
39
Henry V (1413-22)

• Wanted to conquer France and
• claim the throne
• Won a huge victory at Agincourt
• Recognised as Charles VI's heir in
• June 1420 at the Treaty of Troyes
• Married the French Princess
• Catherine
• Died of exhaustion and disease
• in 1422

40
Henry VI (1422-61,1470-1)
41
Edward IV (1461-70, 1471-83)
42
Edward V (1483)
43
Richard III (1483-5)
44
Henry VII (1485-1509)
45
Henry VIII 1509-47)
46
Wives of Henry VIII
Anne Boleyn Jane Seymore
Catherine Howard
47
Edward VI (1547-53)
48
Lady Jane Grey 1553
49
Mary I (1553-8)
50
Elizabeth I (1558-1603)
51
James I (1603-25)
52
Charles I (1625-49)
53
The Commonwealth (1649-1660)
Oliver Cromwell
54
Charles II (1660-85)
55
James II (1685-88)
56
William III and Mary II 1689-1702

• In 1677 married the daughter of the future
• James II of England
• In 1688 English Protestants asked him to
• invade England to dislodge James II.
• Landed 5th November and James fled.
• Parliament offered William and Mary joint
• monarchy in February 1689
• In July1690 he led his army against James's
• Jacobites in Ireland at Battle of the Boyne
• Died in 1702 after falling from his horse

• Daughter of James II and wife of her cousin,
• William of Orange
• Ruled in joint monarchy with William from
• April 1689
• Died of smallpox in December 1694

57
THE ACT OF SETTLEMENT 1701

• The Act provided for the succession of a
  Protestant to the
• throne. In the event of William III and then
  Queen Anne
• dying childless the crown would then pass to
  Sophia,
• Electress of Hanover and her heirs.
• The Act ensured the Hanoverian succession by
  passing over
• the superior hereditary rights of the
  Stuarts.
• It required the sovereign to be an Anglican
• the sovereign to seek consent of Parliament
  before engaging
• in wars for the defence of possessions
  abroad not
• belonging to the Crown of England
• that only natives of Britain were eligible to
  hold office or
• receive grants of crown lands
• that judges were removable only by address by
  both Houses
• of Parliament
• that royal pardons were powerless to bar
  impeachments.

58
Anne 1702-14)

• The last of the Stuarts
• Second daughter of James II
• and Anne Hyde
• Married Prince George of
• Denmark in 1683
• None of their children survived them
• In 1701 she also agreed to the Act of
• Settlement which led to the
• Hanoverian dynasty, but she would
• not allow any claimant to settle in
• England in her lifetime

59
George I 1714-1727

• Elector of Hanover and so became the
• first of the British Hanoverian monarchs,
• a dynasty that continued until the death
• of Victoria in 1901
• He spoke hardly any English and showed
• little liking for the British
• Admired the British army and believed he
• could use it to counter his enemies on the
• continent
• George I married his cousin, divorced her
• and locked her up in Ahlden Castle for the
• rest of her life (32 years).
• Concerned with Hanover as much as
• Britain and died on his way there in 1727

60
George II 1727-60

• Elector of Hanover
• Only son of George I and Sophia
• Dorothea of Celle
• Remembered as the last English monarch
• to lead his troops into battle
• Wed Caroline of Ansbach in 1705
• In 1714 was made Prince of Wales
• In 1717 he fell out with his father
• (a trait of all Georgian princes)
• Set up a rival court at Leicester House
• There was reconciliation before his
• father's death in 1727

61
GEORGE III (1738-1820)

• first Hanoverian monarch to be born and bred in
  Britain
• Grandson of George II (his father Frederick was
  dead)
• Married Princess Charlotte of Mecklenburg
  Strelitz in 1761 and they had 15 children
• Ruled over war with France, the loss of the
  American colonies, violent unrest in Ireland and
  India
• In the early 1780s he considered abdicating
• Suffered recurrent outbreaks of madness
• In 1811 his son became regent

62
George IV 1820-1830

• Eldest son of George III
• Became Prince Regent in 1811
• His stature in old age earned the
• nickname the Prince of Whales
• Interested in art and architecture
• Married Mrs Fitzherbert, a Catholic, in
• 1785 but officially married Caroline of
• Brunswick,whom he hated, in 1795
• Had a daughter Charlotte (1796-1817)
• Attempted to divorce Caroline
• Excluded her from his coronation

63
William IV 1830-1837

• Nicknamed the Sailor King
• Third son of George III
• Joined the Royal Navy in 1779
• Made Duke of Clarence in 1789
• Promoted to Admiral of the Fleet in
• 1811 and Lord High Admiral in 1827
• Married Princess Adelaide, daughter of
• the Duke of Saxe-Meiningen in 1818
• Had two daughters both of whom died in
• infancy, though had 10 children with his
• mistress, Dorothy Jordan
• The death of the Duke of York in 1827
• made him heir to the throne
• Became King in 1830
• The Reform Act of 1832 was rejected twice by
• the Lords on his advice.

64
Queen Victoria 1837-1901

• only child of the Duke of Kent and Princess
• Victoria of Saxe-Coburg -Gotha
• Father died when she was eight months old
• Came to the throne at 18
• Married cousin Prince Albert of Saxe-Coburg-
• Gotha in 1840 who replaced Melbourne as
• her main advisor
• Her nine children married into many of the
• great families of Europe and this affected
• her foreign policy
• Albert died of typhoid fever in 1861 Victoria
• withdrew from public life for more than
• a decade
• Disraeli persuaded her to return to public life
• in the 1870s