Normalization

1
Normalization

• A technique for identifying table structures that
  have potential maintenance problems

2
Normalization

• Normalization is a set of formal conditions that
  assure that a database is maintainable.
• The results of a well executed normalization
  process are the same as those of a well planned
  E-R model

3
PROCESS OF DATA NORMALIZATION

• ELIMINATE REPEATING GROUPS
• Make a separate table for each set of related
  attributes and give each table a primary key.
• ELIMINATE REDUNDANT DATA
• If an attribute depends on only part of a
  multivalued key, remove it to a separate table.
• ELIMINATE COLUMNS NOT DEPENDENT ON KEY
• If attributes do not contribute to a description
  of the key, remove them to a separate table.
• Database Programming and Design

4
PROCESS OF DATA NORMALIZATION

• ISOLATE INDEPENDENT MULTIPLE RELATIONSHIPS
• No table may contain two or more 1n or nm
  relationships that are not directly related.
• ISOLATE SEMANTICALLY RELATED MULTIPLE
  RELATIONSHIPS
• There may be practical constraints on
  information that justify separating logically
  related many-to-many relationships.
• Database Programming and Design

5
Anomalies

• A table anomaly is a structure for which a normal
  database operation cannot be executed without
  information loss or full search of the data table
• Insertion Anomaly
• Deletion Anomaly
• Update or Modification Anomaly

6
Normal Forms

• Relational theory defines a number of structure
  conditions called Normal Forms that assure that
  certain data anomalies do not occur in a database.

7
Normal Forms

• 1NF Keys No repeating groups
• 2NF No partial dependencies
• 3NF No transitive dependencies
• BCNF Determinants are candidate keys
• 4NF No multivalued dependencies

8
0 Normal Form

• Remove titles and derived quantities
• Schema notation

HISTORY(CustName, CustAddr, CustCity OrderNum,
OrderDate ProdDescr, ProdCode, QtyOrdered,
OrderPrice
9
Premier Products Order Form
Order 12003 Date
Oct 1, 1997 Oklahoma Retail Company 1111
Asp Norman Description Code Qty Price Amount 1
. Footballs 21 6 25.00 150 2. Sweat
Shirts 44 20 15.00 300 3. Shorts 37 10 12.00 12
0 Total 570
10
0nf
Order 12003 Date
Oct 1, 1997 Oklahoma Retail Company 1111
Asp Norman Description Code Qty Price Amount 1
. Footballs 21 6 25.00 150 2. Sweat
Shirts 44 20 15.00 300 3. Shorts 37 10 12.00 12
0 Total 570
11
1st Normal Form

• Add keys
• Remove repeating groups

12
1st Normal Form

• Add Keys for embedded entities
• Remove Repeating Groups

HISTORY(CustID, CustName, CustAddr, CustCity
OrderNum, OrderDate ProdDescr, ProdCode,
QtyOrdered, OrderPrice
13
1st Normal Form

• Add Keys for embedded entities
• Remove Repeating Groups
• Create a table for each embedded entity, from the
  outside for nested groups
• Insert foreign keys and junction tables

CUSTOMER(CustID, CustName, CustAddr,
CustCity) ORDER(OrderNum, CustID, OrderDate
ProdDescr, ProdCode, QtyOrdered, OrderPrice)
14
1st Normal Form

• CUSTOMER(CustID, CustName, CustAddr, CustCity)
• ORDER(OrderNum, CustID, OrderDate)
• PRODUCT(ProdDescr, ProdCode,)
• ORDER-PRODUCT(OrderNum, ProdCode, QtyOrdered,
  OrderPrice)

15
1st Normal Form
CUSTOMER
ORDER
PRODUCT
16
1NF(Keys, No Repeating Groups)
Table contains multi-valued attributes.
TABLE
ATTRIBUTES
TABLE
??
ATTR-TABLE
17
2nd Normal Form

• No partial dependencies
• (an attribute has a partial dependency if it
  depends on part of a concatenated key)

18
2nd Normal Form

• ROSTER(StuID, ZAPNum, StudentName, CourseTitle,
  CourseGrade)
• Remove partial dependencies
• STUDENT(StuID, StudentName)
• SECTION(ZAPNum, CourseTitle)
• STUDENT-SECTION(StuID, ZAPNum, CourseGrade)

19
2nd Normal Form
ROSTER
STUDENT
SECTION
STUDENT-SECTION
20
2NFNo partial dependencies
Table has data from several connected tables.
TABLE
TABLE
??
??
21
3rd Normal Form

• No transitive dependencies
• (a transitive dependency is an attribute that
  depends on other non-key attributes)

22
3rd Normal Form

• Note a transitive dependency arises when
  attributes from a second entity appear in a given
  table.
• SECTION(ZAPNum, RoomNum, Day, Time, CourseTitle,
  HoursCredit)

23
3rd Normal Form

• SECTION(ZAPNum, RoomNum, Day, Time, CourseID
  ,CourseTitle, HoursCredit)
• SECTION(ZAPNum, RoomNum, Day, Time, CourseID)
• COURSE(CourseID, CourseTitle, HoursCredit)

24
3NFNo transitive dependencies
Table contains data from an embedded entity with
non-key attributes.
SUB-TABLE
TABLE
TABLE
??
SUB-TABLE
BCNF is the same, but the embedded table may
involve key attributes.
25
Boyce Codd Normal Form

• Every determinant is a candidate key

26
BCNF

• BCNF dependenceies are like 3nf dependencies but
  they involve some key attributes
• Note BCNF often arises when a 1m relationship
  is modeled as a mn relationship

27
BCNF

• SALESMAN-CUST(SalesID, CustID, Commission)
• SALESMAN(SalesID, Commission)
• CUSTOMER(CustID, SalesID)

28
4th Normal Form

• No multi-valued dependencies

29
4th Normal Form

• Note 4th Normal Form violations occur when a
  triple (or higher) concatenated key represents a
  pair of double keys

30
4th Normal Form
31
4th Normal Form
Multuvalued dependencies
32
4th Normal Form

• INSTR-BOOK-COURSE(InstrID, Book, CourseID)
• COURSE-BOOK(CourseID, Book)
• COURSE-INSTR(CourseID, InstrID)

33
4NF(No multivalued dependencies)
Independent repeating groups have been treated as
a complex relationship.
TABLE
TABLE
TABLE
TABLE
TABLE
TABLE