Clark,%20John,%20Joy,%20Scott

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Fuel Cells used in Mobile Sources

• Clark, John, Joy, Scott

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Introduction

• What is a fuel cell?
• A fuel cell is like a battery that runs on
  hydrogen and never needs recharged.
• Why are we interested in fuel cells?
• Fuel cells produce electric power yet they
  produce none of the typical waste byproducts
  associated with power generation.

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What kinds of fuel cells are there?

• Phosphoric Acid
• Molten Carbonate
• Alkali
• Proton Exchange Membrane (PEM)

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Phosphoric Acid

• Most developed type of commercial fuel cell
• Operating temperature around 220 degrees C
• Large, heavy designs - used primarily in
  stationary applications
• Can power large vehicles like busses and
  locomotives

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Molten Carbonate

• Not as well developed commercially as PA cells
• Operating temperature around 600 degrees C
• Offer high efficiencies (higher if the heat is
  used as well)
• High temperatures limit MC cells to stationary
  applications

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Alkali

• The type of fuel cells used by NASA
• Very efficient - up to 70 BUT very expensive
• Mobil technologies - If you count satellites and
  the space shuttle

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Proton Exchange Membrane (PEM)

• Operating temperature around 100 degrees C
• PEM Cells have a high power density and can
  quickly vary power output
• According to the U.S. Department of energy, they
  are the primary candidates for light-duty
  vehicles

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PEM Cells

• Required elements
• Two electrodes - an anode and a cathode
• polymer membrane electrolyte
• platinum catalyst

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PEM Cells
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PEM Cells

• General chemistry
• Hydrogen fuel from free hydrogen or from
  hydrocarbons
• The fuel (H) is ionized yielding free electrons
  and H ions
• 2H2 --gt 4H 4e-

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PEM Cells

• General Chemistry (continued)
• Free electrons are conducted through the external
  circuit to the cathode - producing electric power
• The protons move through the electrolyte to the
  cathode

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PEM Cells

• General Chemistry (continued)
• Once at the cathode, the H ions and the
  electrons react with oxygen (from air) to produce
  water
• O2 4e- 4H --gt 2H2O

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PEM Cells
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Summary
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MOBILE SOURCES

• Fuel cells being developed in cars, trucks,
  buses, locomotives, golf carts, wheel chairs, and
  bicycles

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DEVELOPEMENT IN BUSES

• Ballard Power Systems- first real demonstrations
  vehicle 32 foot bus in 1993
• Chicago and Vancouver, B.C are conducting field
  trials on second generation buses
• Georgetown is teaming up with others to develop
  full size transit buses for D.O.E

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BUSES
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DEVELOPMENT IN CARS AND TRUCKS

• All major automobile manufacturers are developing
  fuel cells
• Some are teaming up with other fuel cell
  companies and organizations
• Ballard Power systems Leading supplier of PEM
  fuel cells for use in transportation

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BALLARD POWER SYSTEMS

• Leading supplier of pem fuel cells
• Teamed up with daimler-benz and ford motor
  company to develop efficient and clean engines
  for transport
• Comparable in size, weight, operating life,
  acceleration, range and refueling time

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OTHER FUEL CELL DEVELOPERS

• Schatz Reseach Center- Truck 6.5 kW PEM
• United Technologies Corp.
• Plug Power, L.L.C.- fuel cell engine expected to
  be twice as efficient 90 less emissions
• Denora S.p.A- PEM cells for buses and Marine
  applications
• Zevco

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Zevco

• Truck
• Cost- 52,800
• Range- 125 miles
• Top Speed- 62 Miles per hour
• 1/3 heavier then conventional trucks

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FUEL CELL AUTOMOBILES

• GM- Zafira compact van powered by a 50kW PEM
  Fuel cell that utilizes methanol
• Chrysler- Jeep Commander fuel cell/battery
  hybrid, also working on methanol hybrid

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DAIMLER-BENZ

• Road testing a fuel cell van NECAR
• Testing a hydrogen fueled passenger Bus in
  Germany
• Plans on producing 100,000 engines for the year
  2004

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FUEL CELL CARS

• Volvo and Volkswagon- Golf-type vehicle methanol
  fueled PEM
• Toyota- RAV4 based vehicle methanol and
  hydrogen-fueled
• Use Toyotas own PEM engines
• Mazda- fuel cell concept car fueled by Hydrogen

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CARS CONTINUED

• Nissan- prototype car runs on methanol and aided
  by Li battery for extra power
• Plans to begin selling by 2003
• Contracted with Ballard
• Honda- plans on developing fuel cell vehicles by
  2003

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FUEL CELL VEHICLES ALREADY IN USE

• Taxi- in London, alkaline fuel cell cost 7,363
  more
• London- use a 1.5 ton hybrid fuel cell truck to
  maintain parks
• Golf carts- Hydrogen fuel cell, 3 used in Palm
  Desert, CA

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SUBWAYS
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OTHER MOBILE USES

• Wheel chairs
• bicycles
• All terrain vehicles
• Golf Carts
• Spacecraft- fuel cells provided power for
  on-board electronics, and now provide electricity
  and water for space shuttle

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FUEL CELLTECHNOLOGY

• FUTURE PREDICTIONS

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OFFICE OF TRANSPORTATION TECHNOLOGIES
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VISION STATEMENT

• WITHIN 10 YEARS
• U.S. WILL TURN CORNER IN THE GROWTH OF PETROLEUM
  FOR HIGHWAY TRANSPORTATION.
• COMMERCIALIZE ADVANCED TRANSPORTATION VECHICLES.

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TIMETABLE
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BARRIERS

• LONG TERM NATURE OF RESEARCH
• POTENTIAL FOR FAILURE
• HIGH COSTS
• PRIVATE SECTOR COMPANIES RELUCTANT TO INVEST

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WHAT IS NEEDED?

• U.S. COMMITMENT TO BE A PRIMARY FUEL CELL USER
• MARKET INCENTIVES FOR DEVELOPERS
• DEVELOPERS TO PARTICIPATE IN MANUFACTURING COST
  REDUCTION EFFORTS

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PETROLEUM DISPLACEMENT

• WILL THERE BE RESISTANCE TO FUEL CELL TECHNOLOGY?

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WHY RESIST?

• OIL COMPANIES
• INVESTORS
• PREDICTED REVENUES OF 250 BILLION/YEAR BY 2010.

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CONSUMERS RESPONSE

• HIGH INCREMENTAL COST
• RANGE AND UTILITY
• LACK OF OPERATIONAL AND SAFETY INFORMATION
• LACK OF REQUIRED INFRASTRUCTURE.