THE CANADIAN DIFFERENCE

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CHAPTER 14 THE CANADIAN DIFFERENCE
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The Canadian Difference Characteristics of the
Country Settlement of the Country and its
Legacies New France British North
America United States Linguistic Divides Ethnic
Language Diversity/Separateness French vs
English in Quebec 1960s Feudal-like
Society Late 60s 70s Quiet Revolution,
Parti Quebecois 1976, Bill 101 1980s language
and schools Mid 80s thru 90s 1995
Separation Referendum Immigration 20th Century
Trends Over Time Overall and By Immigrant
Group Immigrants by Census Metropolitan Areas
and Origins Generalizations of Trends Over Time,
By Immigrant Group, By Metro Area Regional
Variety and Separateness Canada Regions and
Population Distribution Economic Base Natl
Resources, Branch Plants, Main St, Regional
Integration Spatial Disparities in Income and
Job Qualities Migration Streams
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GGQ Fig 14.2 Canada Second Largest
Land Mass in World but Population Smaller than
California
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Population Density Canada Compared to US Source
Encarta World Atlas
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DeBlij, Fig 3.5
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URL http//geodepot.statcan.ca/Diss/Maps/Thematic
Maps/population/National/pop_dens_colour_e.pdf
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GGQ Fig 14.20 Canadas Main Street, Canadian
Portion of the AMB
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GGQ Fig 2.2 Canadian Shield
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The Canadian Difference Characteristics of the
Country Settlement of the Country and its
Legacies New France British North
America United States Linguistic Divides Ethnic
Language Diversity/Separateness French vs
English in Quebec 1960s Feudal-like
Society Late 60s 70s Quiet Revolution,
Parti Quebecois 1976, Bill 101 1980s language
and schools Mid 80s thru 90s 1995
Separation Referendum Immigration 20th Century
Trends Over Time Overall and By Immigrant
Group Immigrants by Census Metropolitan Areas
and Origins Generalizations of Trends Over Time,
By Immigrant Group, By Metro Area Regional
Variety and Separateness Canada Regions and
Population Distribution Economic Base Natl
Resources, Branch Plants, Main St, Regional
Integration Spatial Disparities in Income and
Job Qualities Migration Streams
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GGQ Fig 14.6
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• New France
• 1. Driven by fur trade
• 2. Controlled bulk of todays Canada from
  1600s to 1763.
• 3. Legacy French Canada, language, religion
  (Roman Catholic)
• British North America
• 1. Hudson Bay, Newfoundland, Nova Scotia
  initially
• 2. After French-Canadian War (1763), remainder
  of Canada but population largely
• French and Indigenous.
• 3. French grew significantly not by
  immigration, but birth rate (TFR of 8)
• Canada evolution, unlike US, marked by
  absence of intensity and emphasis
• on compromise.
• In British orbit after independence (1867)
  periphery for England core
• (i) raw materials in exchange for finished
  products provided troops
• (ii) no independent diplomatic corps until
  1920s no separate status for citizens until 1947
• no national flag until 1965 obtained full
  control of over constitution in 1982!!
• 4. English language.
• United States

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The Canadian Difference Characteristics of the
Country Settlement of the Country and its
Legacies New France British North
America United States Linguistic Divides Ethnic
Language Diversity/Separateness French vs
English in Quebec 1960s Feudal-like
Society Late 60s 70s Quiet Revolution,
Parti Quebecois 1976, Bill 101 1980s language
and schools Mid 80s thru 90s 1995
Separation Referendum Immigration 20th Century
Trends Over Time Overall and By Immigrant
Group Immigrants by Census Metropolitan Areas
and Origins Generalizations of Trends Over Time,
By Immigrant Group, By Metro Area Regional
Variety and Separateness Canada Regions and
Population Distribution Economic Base Natl
Resources, Branch Plants, Main St, Regional
Integration Spatial Disparities in Income and
Job Qualities Migration Streams
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GGQ Fig 14.11 Evolving Ethnic Composition of
Canada
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GGQ Fig 14.15 European Nationalities in the
Canadian Prairies Many remain in self-contained
communities and speak ancestral language
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GGQ Fig 14.13 Linguistic Minorities (E.g.,
French speakers outside Quebec, English speakers
inside Quebec, Indigenous languages)
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French - English Issue economic political more
than language 1960s French Canada feudal-like
society historically rural/stagnant,
master/serf, disparities Late 1960s
1970s Quiet Revolution metamorphosed from
feudal society in 1944 to aggressive cosmopolitan
one in 1970" Parti Quebecois 1976
Separatism. 1980 Referendum on separation -- NO
vote due to economic concerns Bill 101 Language
Law, late 1970s, affected signage and education
for immigrants (French) GGQ Fig
14.1 1980s School Issue (F vs E) aggravated
socio-economic disparities within Canadian
society see following slide for
details Mid-1980s through 1990s Enforced
Bill 101 Language Law (late 1970s) requiring
immigrants to attend French-speaking
school -- immigrants thus spoke three languages,
but none well -- mother tongue at home,
French in school, English on streets or at
work. 1995 Separation Referendum defeated,
sharply along Language lines -- First Nations
(especially and unexpected), Immigrants,
Anglophones -- Kendra McSweeney testifies
this element significantly responsible for
defeat. (DeBlij Fig 3.17, GGQ Fig 14.13)
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• 1980s
• Public school system run by Protestant (English)
  and Catholic (French) churches
• 1. 1980s, government withheld from
  Protestant more to Catholic school systems
• 2. Lower education quality in English-speaking
  schools maintenance in French system
• 3. English-speaking private schools grew in
  number attracted English-speaking families
• Lower incomes couldnt afford private attended
  lower quality English- or French
• speaking schools
• 5. Better off French obtained bi-linguality
  less well off had only French
• 6. Income and job prospects decreased for
  French-only speakers.
• Less well off (French, English, Immigrants)
  hampered socio-economically -- within Quebec and
  if migrated elsewhere

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DeBlij Fig 3.17 Divided Quebec
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GGQ Fig 14.13 Linguistic Minorities (E.g.,
French speakers outside Quebec, English speakers
inside Quebec, Indigenous languages)
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The Canadian Difference Characteristics of the
Country Settlement of the Country and its
Legacies New France British North
America United States Linguistic Divides Ethnic
Language Diversity/Separateness French vs
English in Quebec 1960s Feudal-like
Society Late 60s 70s Quiet Revolution,
Parti Quebecois 1976, Bill 101 1980s language
and schools Mid 80s thru 90s 1995
Separation Referendum Immigration 20th Century
Trends Over Time Overall and By Immigrant
Group Immigrants by Census Metropolitan Areas
and Origins Generalizations of Trends Over Time,
By Immigrant Group, By Metro Area Regional
Variety and Separateness Canada Regions and
Population Distribution Economic Base Natl
Resources, Branch Plants, Main St, Regional
Integration Spatial Disparities in Income and
Job Qualities Migration Streams
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GGQ Fig 14.14 (a) The proportion of British
immigrants continues to decline (b) Most
newcomers hail from Asia or Latin America
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Pop Bull 58-2 (2003) Immigration Shaping and
Reshaping America
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Table 14.2 Some Notable Immigrant Groups
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GGQ Fig 14.14 (a) The proportion of British
immigrants continues to decline (b) Most
newcomers hail from Asia or Latin America
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Pop Bulletin, 58 (2), 2003, p. 4,
Figure 1 Immigration Shaping and Reshaping
America
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Generalizations on Canadian Immigration Thus
Far 1. Canadian and US immigration trends
(volume over time) correlate reasonably well 2.
Canada highly polyglot society, perhaps more than
US 3. Canada has higher level of immigration per
total population than US 4. Major shift over
time -- Asians replacing European and,
especially, UK immigrants 5. Latin
America-Caribbean, major for US much less for
Canada Asians significant for both but more for
Canada 6. Percent metro population foreign born
correlates directly with its population size
Toronto and Vancouver at very top, metros
300,000-1,000,000 in middle That Montreal
also is middle range reflects impact of politics
on socio-economic issues. 7. Percents of metro
population foreign born noticeably higher for
Canada compared to US, Especially so for
Toronto and Vancouver. 8. Crown maintains in
Canadas urban areas!! -- UK above 20 in all but
Quebec (including Montreal) and despite low
UK number for entire nation (11). 9. Asians --
size of metro effect -- Asia dominates Europe
in five largest urban areas, except Montreal
(reasons such as language, economic
opportunity, school system, etc), -- In
sixth largest metro, Asia and Europe are equal
-- these five metro areas include 10 million of
the 16.6 million in all fifteen metro areas.
-- Large Metro effect for Asians seems to
parallel what happens in the US. 10. Africa low
in general, but most prevalent in French speaking
metros -- Montreal (12), Ottawa-Hull (10),
Sherbrooke (10), Trois-Riveres (10).
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GGQ Table 9.2 Canadian Metro Area
Population, 1992
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Generalizations on Canadian Immigration 1.
Canadian and US immigration trends (volume over
time) correlate reasonably well. 2. Canada
highly polyglot society, perhaps more than
US. 3. Canada has higher level of immigration
per total population than US 4. Major shift
over time -- Asians replacing European and,
especially, UK immigrants. 5. Latin
America-Caribbean, major for US much less for
Canada Asians significant for both but more for
Canada 6. Percent metro population foreign born
correlates directly with population size
Toronto and Vancouver at very top, metros
300,000-1,000,000 in middle That Montreal also
is middle range reflects impact of politics on
socio-economic concerns, French language
issue. 7. Percents of metro population foreign
born noticeably higher for Canada compared to
US, Especially so for Toronto and
Vancouver. 8. Crown maintains in Canadas urban
areas!! -- UK above 20 in all but Quebec
(including Montreal) and despite low UK number
for entire nation (11). 9. Asians -- size of
metro effect -- Asia dominates Europe in five
largest urban areas, except Montreal
(reasons such as language, economic opportunity,
school system, etc), -- In sixth largest
metro, Asia and Europe are equal -- these
five metro areas include 10 million of the 16.6
million in all fifteen metro areas. -- Large
Metro effect for Asians seems to parallel what
happens in the US. 10. Africa low in general,
but most prevalent in French speaking metros
-- Montreal (12), Ottawa-Hull (10), Sherbrooke
(10), Trois-Riveres (10).
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The Canadian Difference Characteristics of the
Country Settlement of the Country and its
Legacies New France British North
America United States Linguistic Divides Ethnic
Language Diversity/Separateness French vs
English in Quebec 1960s Feudal-like
Society Late 60s 70s Quiet Revolution,
Parti Quebecois 1976, Bill 101 1980s language
and schools Mid 80s thru 90s 1995
Separation Referendum Immigration 20th Century
Trends Over Time Overall and By Immigrant
Group Immigrants by Census Metropolitan Areas
and Origins Generalizations of Trends Over Time,
By Immigrant Group, By Metro Area Regional
Variety and Separateness Canada Regions and
Population Distribution Economic Base Natl
Resources, Branch Plants, Main St, Regional
Integration Spatial Disparities in Income and
Job Qualities Migration Streams
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Table 14.4 Canadas Top Exporters, 1988
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GGQ Fig 14.20 Canadas Main Street, Canadian
Portion of the AMB
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URL http//geodepot.statcan.ca/Diss/Maps/Thematic
Maps/population/National/pop_dens_colour_e.pdf
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URL http//geodepot.statcan.ca/Diss/Maps/Thematic
Maps/earnings_e.cfm
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URL http//geodepot.statcan.ca/Diss/Maps/Thematic
Maps/workforce_e.cfm
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URLhttp//geodepot.statcan.ca/Diss/Maps/ThematicM
aps/Mobility/national/Cda_FluxMigrate96to01_Ec_D3.
pdf
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GGQ Fig 4.18 US Migration, 1950s 1980s
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Canadas Regional Varieties Similarities/Differe
nces From US 1. C US Resources highly
regional in location 2. C Resources major
dimension of export economy (50) US Resources
very important in exports but much less so 3. C
More Periphery US More Core -- in
Core-Periphery distinction 4. C
Heartland/Hinterland, City/Hinterland more
distinct US Less distinct 5. C Main Street
continues dominance US AMB remains important
but not dominant 6. C Main Street corresponds
with early settlement US AMB primarily west of
early settlement 7. C Regionalism stronger than
in US 8. US Migration Flows uniform in
directionality AMB Northeast to West
South C Migration Flows East-West with strong
cross-flows