Firefighter Training S130

1
Firefighter TrainingS-130

• North Lincoln Fire Rescue
• Annual Refresher Training

2
Unit 1 - Safety Orientation
OBJECTIVES

• Define Safety.
• Identify potential hazards and explain the proper
  safety procedures to follow.
• Explain what the LCES (Lookouts, Communications,
  Escape Routes, and Safety Zones) system is and
  why it is important.

3
Key Safety Methods

• LCES - Lookouts, Communications, Escape Routes
  and Safety Zones
• The 18 Situations that Shout Watch Out
• The Ten Standard Fire Orders

4
LCES
A System for Operational Safety
L
Lookout(s)
C
Communication(s)
E
Escape Routes
S
Safety Zone(s)
5
LCES

• When should a lookout be posted?
• Back off if the situation is too complex
• Re-assess tactics
• Position lookout where both hazard and
  firefighters can be seen
• Lookout must be trained to observe wildland fire
  environment and recognize anticipate fire
  behavior changes

6
LCES

• Under what conditions would you need
  communications?
• Method used to alert firefighters of approaching
  hazards must be prompt and clear
• Communication devices
• If you have doubts about your ability to
  communicate, back off. Take the time to get it
  right!

7
LCES

• Path the firefighter takes from a location
  exposed to danger, to an area free from danger,
  to an area free from danger
• Effectiveness of escape routes changes
  continuously constantly re-evaluate
• Escape routes should be established at all times
• More than one escape route must be available
• Most common escape route is the fireline

8
LCES

• Locations where the threatened firefighter may
  find refuge from danger
• Place where a fire shelter is not needed
• Safety Zones must be established at all times
  during fireline operations
• Fireline intensity and safety zone topographic
  location determines the safety zone effectiveness
• Should be 1½ times the height of the surrounding
  vegetation or large enough to accommodate
  everyone without using fire shelters
• Stay alert to changing safety zone and escape
  route locations

9
Fire Orders

• Fight fire aggressively but provide for safety
  first
• Initiate all actions based on current and
  expected fire behavior
• Recognize current weather conditions and obtain
  weather forecasts
• Ensure instructions are given and understood
• Obtain current information on fire status
• Remain in communication with crew members, your
  supervisor and adjoining forces
• Determine safety zones and escape routes
• Establish lookouts in potentially hazardous
  situations
• Retain control at all times
• Stay alert, keep calm, think clearly and act
  decisively

10
Types of Hazards

• Subjective Hazard
• one has direct control over it
• Objective Hazard
• one has no control over it

11
Fire Suppression Hazards

• Environmental
• Lightning
• Snags
• Rolling rocks
• Fire entrapment
• Heat stress
• Hypothermia
• Darkness
• Carbon monoxide
• Dust

• Biological
• Snakes
• Insects
• Animals
• Plants
• Microorganisms
• Viral Infections

12
Fire Suppression Hazards

• Equipment
• Cuts (saws, tools, etc)
• Burns (pumps, saws)
• Noise
• Foreign objects thrown
• Hand tools
• Dozers, plows, etc.

• Vehicle
• Operating around personnel
• Mechanical failure (brakes)
• Shifting cargo
• Unskilled/inattentive operator

13
Fire Suppression Hazards

• Aircraft
• Retardant drops
• Bucket drops
• Sling loads
• Rotor wash
• Crew transport

• Fire Environment
• Fire
• Burns
• Smoke
• Winds
• Darkness
• Snags

14
Fire Suppression Hazards

• Human Factors
• Attitude
• Physical condition
• Experience level
• Training level
• Fatigue
• Critical stress
• HAZMAT

• Base/Camp
• Sleeping areas
• Sanitation
• Food

15
Trees and Snags

• Three categories/conditions of trees
• Living
• Dying (still alive, but with little or not chance
  of recovery)
• Dead (snags)

16
Safety Procedures

• Any hazard (or potential hazard) should be
  reported to your immediate supervisor
• Hazardous areas should be flagged
• Two options for working in an unsafe area
• Do not enter the area until it is safe
• Make the area safe to work in, provided you
  receive supervisor approval

17
Unit 2 - Firefighter PreparednessLesson A -
Personal Preparedness
OBJECTIVES

• Develop a list of personal gear needed for an
  extended period away from your home station.
• Explain why it is necessary to have personal
  protective gear available.
• Explain the firefighters accountability for
  personal and agency property.
• Explain the importance of keeping personal gear
  and the assigned area clean and orderly.

18
Unit 2 - Firefighter PreparednessPersonal Gear

• Weight Limits
• Total crew weight, including equipment ? 5100 lbs
• Total individual gear weight ? 65 lbs
• Frameless, soft pack ? 45 lbs
• Web gear weight ? 20 lbs

19
Unit 2 - Firefighter PreparednessMandatory Items

• PPE
• Hard hat
• Eye protection
• Hearing protection
• Gloves
• NomexTM
• Shirt
• Trousers
• Fire shelter

• Boots
• Leather
• Lace-up, 8 high
• Vibram soles
• Leather laces
• Socks
• Water bottles
• Head lamp

20
Unit 2 - Firefighter PreparednessOptional Items

• Jacket or Coat
• Sleeping Bag
• Extra clothing
• Personal hygienic gear
• Rain gear
• Prescription drugs
• Cash

• Eyeglasses and/or contact lense items
• Sunglasses
• First aid kit
• Sun screen
• Flagging
• Toilet paper
• Others

21
Unit 2 - Firefighter PreparednessLesson B -
Organization
OBJECTIVES

• Explain the different types of crew organizations
  commonly used in initial attack and extended
  attack.
• Given a diagram of the Incident Command System,
  name the two positions, above the level of crew
  boss, that would be contacted if the crew boss is
  not available.

22
Unit 2 - Firefighter PreparednessLesson B -
Organization (continued)
OBJECTIVES

• Given examples of cultural differences in terms
  of food, standards of behavior, dress, and
  customs, explain the importance of respecting
  these differences.
• Given agency social and cultureal policies,
  develop a list of behaviors necessary for fire
  related situations.
• As part of an organized crew, develop a list of
  individual and crew behaviors to follow while on
  fire assignments.

23
Firefighter Preparedness

• Firefighter Duties and Responsibilities
• Fireline Handbook, page 92

24
Firefighter Preparedness

• Crew Organization Advantages?
• Establishes chain of command
• Provides pre-planned job assignments
• Creates teamwork
• Gives individuals responsibility
• Reduces confusion
• Saves time
• Maintains control
• Builds esprit de corps
• Creates respect among crew members

25
Unit 3 - Use of Tools EquipmentLesson A -
Cutting Tools
OBJECTIVES

• Given two hand tools, personal protective
  equipment, and proper maintenance tools, check
  the condition of each item, perform field
  mainenance, and identify those needing
  replacement.
• Demonstrate the proper sharpening techniques for
  commonly used tools.

26
Unit 3 - Use of Tools EquipmentLesson A -
Cutting Tools (continued)
OBJECTIVES

• Given a description of three fireline jobs and a
  choice of tools, state which tool you would use
  for each job.
• Demonstrate the proper methods of carrying and
  passing tools.
• Demonstrate the proper spacing when using hand
  tools.
• Demonstrate the proper placement, near a
  fireline, of one or more tools when not in use.

27
Unit 3 - Use of Tools EquipmentLesson B -
Scraping Tools
OBJECTIVES

• Given two hand tools and personal protective
  equipment, check the condition of each item,
  identify those that need replacement, and perform
  field maintenance.
• Demonstrate the proper sharpening techniques for
  commonly used tools.
• Given a description of three fireline jobs, and a
  choice of three tools, state which tools you
  would use for each job.

28
Unit 3 - Use of Tools EquipmentLesson B -
Scraping Tools (continued)
OBJECTIVES

• Demonstrate the proper method of carrying and
  passing tools.
• Demonstrate the proper spacing when using hand
  tools.
• Demonstrate the proper placement, near a
  fireline, of one or more tools not in use.

29
Unit 3 - Use of Tools EquipmentLesson C -
Smothering Tools
OBJECTIVES

• Given a swatter or gunnysack and personal
  protective equipment, check the condition of the
  fire swatter and perform field maintenance.
• Demonstrate the proper methods of carrying and
  passing tools.
• Demonstrate the proper spacing when using hand
  tools.
• Demonstrate the proper placement, near a
  fireline, of one or more tools when not in use.

30
Unit 3 - Use of Tools EquipmentLesson D -
Backpack Pump
OBJECTIVES

• Given a backpack pump and source of water, the
  trainee will demonstrate how to assemble, operate
  and maintain the pump.

31
Unit 3 - Use of Tools EquipmentLesson E - Head
Lamp
OBJECTIVES

• Given a hard hat, head lamp, and batteries,
  assemble the head lamp, attach it to the hard hat
  and turn on the light.

32
Unit 3 - Use of Tools EquipmentLesson F -
Travel, Transportation of Personnel and Tools
OBJECTIVES

• Develop a list of three safety procedures to
  follow when traveling by each of the following
• Vehicle
• Boat
• Helicopter
• Fixed-wind aircraft
• On foot

33
Unit 4 - Firing DevicesLesson A - Fusee
OBJECTIVES

• Describe two hazards to operators when using a
  fusee.
• Given a fusee, demonstrate or simulate how to
  ignite, use, and extinguish.

34
Unit 4 - Firing DevicesLesson B - Drip Torch
OBJECTIVES

• Describe four hazards to operators when using a
  drip torch.
• State the proper fuel mixture for a drip torch.
• Prepare a drip torch for use and ignite.
• Demonstrate the safe use of the drip torch.
• Extinguish a drip torch and prepare it for
  storage.

35
Unit 4 - Firing DevicesLesson C - Field
Expedient Methods of Igniting Wildland Fuels
OBJECTIVE

• Describe two field expedient methods for igniting
  wildland fuels.

36
Unit 5 - Use of Water
OBJECTIVES

• Correctly identify the water use hand signals.
• Correctly identify common hose fittings.
• Identify different diameter hose and thread
  types.
• Identify and mark non-serviceable sections of
  hose and couplings.

37
Unit 5 - Use of Water
OBJECTIVES (continued)

• Couple and uncouple hose and fittings.
• Describe four hazards to hose lays.
• Describe three protective measures for hose and
  fittings when in use or being transported.
• Describe a locally used hose lay method.
• Retrieve deployed hose using two methods
  (watermelon roll, firefighters carry, figure 8,
  etc.).

38
Unit 5 - Use of Water
OBJECTIVES (continued)

• Given hose and points A and B in the field,
  deploy the hose between the points.
• Use a hose clamp and/or field-expedient method to
  restrict water flow in a charged line.
• Describe a fire situation when the straight and
  fog spray nozzle water streams would be used.
• Demonstrate each of the nozzle settings for
  straight and fog spray patterns.

39
Unit 6 - Suppression
OBJECTIVES

• Name the parts of a fire
• Describe three methods of attack on a fire.
• Describe four kinds of fire control line.
• Describe the black-line concept.
• Describe three methods for breaking the fire
  triangle.
• Describe five fire behavior terms.

40
Unit 7 - Securing the Control Line
OBJECTIVES

• Describe and demonstrate how to extinguish
  burning materials by chopping, scraping, and
  mixing them with soil and water.
• Describe precautions to take when applying water
  to hot materials and demonstrate proper
  techniques for doing so.
• Describe a systematic method of mopup.
• Describe how each of the four senses aid in
  detecting burning materials.

41
Unit 7 - Securing the Control Line
OBJECTIVES (continued)

• Discuss the importance of breaking up and
  dispersing machine piles adjacent to the control
  line.
• Demonstrate the techniques of cold trailing on a
  simulated fire perimeter.
• Given a constructed control line, strengthen the
  line to facilitate holding by rearranging and
  fireproofing fuels adjacent to the line.
• State three factors that determine the amount of
  additional work required for water or retardant
  line.

42
Unit 8 - Use of MapsLesson A - Map Reading
OBJECTIVES

• Given a locally used map with legend, identify
  the symbols depicted on the map.
• Name and describe the land survey system used
  locally.
• Given the description of a certain point on a
  map, locate that point on a local map.

43
Unit 8 - Use of MapsLesson B - Use of Compass
OBJECTIVES

• Demonstrate the ability to shoot a bearing
  (azimuth) off a compass.
• Explain the importance of knowing the proper
  declination of an area.
• Given a compass with proper declination and map
  (local area), determine an azimuth and the
  distance between two points.

44
Unit 9 - Scouting, Patrolling, and
CommunicatingLesson B - Radio Communication
OBJECTIVES

• Prepare a portable or mobile radio for
  transmission of a message
• Transmit a message clearly using proper procedure
  and language
• Describe conditions that require a change of
  location to improve radio reception and/or
  transmission.
• Describe precautions needed to protect the radio
  from damage.

45
Unit 10 - Hazardous Materials Awareness
OBJECTIVES

• Develop a working definition of hazardous
  materials.
• List and explain the six steps in the
  D.E.C.I.D.E. process.
• List and explain the six clues for detecting the
  presence of hazardous materials.
• Explain the roles of emergency response personnel
  in hazardous material emergencies.

46
Unit 11 - Standards for SurvivalLesson A - Watch
Out Situations
OBJECTIVES

• List the Common Denominators on Tragedy Fires.
• List and Discuss the Watch Out Situations.

47
Unit 11 - Standards for SurvivalLesson B - Fire
Orders
OBJECTIVES

• Identify the Fire Orders.
• Apply the appropriate Fire Orders to a given
  situation.

48
Unit 11 - Standards for SurvivalLesson C - Fire
Shelter
OBJECTIVES

• Explain the two most important functions of the
  fire shelter.
• Discuss the inspection and care of the fire
  shelter.
• Demonstrate the correct deployment and entrapment
  procedures for the fire shelter in 25 seconds or
  less.

49
Unit 11 - Standards for SurvivalLesson D -
Wildland/Urban Interface
OBJECTIVES

• Recognize the wildland/urban interface watch out
  conditions or situations.
• Identify personnel safety concerns in
  wildland/urban interface fires.

50
Unit 12 - Wildland Fire Investigation
OBJECTIVES

• Describe items to watch for when traveling to,
  arriving at, and during initial attack that might
  show the origin and/or cause of the fire.
• Given a simulated situation (to be determined by
  the instructor) record and report all information
  that might help in determining fire cause and
  origin.
• Given a simulated fire situation, designate and
  protect the area of fire origin.

51
Unit 13 - Cultural Resources
OBJECTIVES

• Define the phrase Cultural Resources
• Describe the effects of fire and fire management
  activities on cultural resources.
• Describe the steps to protect cultural resources
  during fire management activities.

52
(No Transcript)
53
Safety

• Safety is defined as freedom from exposure to
  danger.

54
Fire fighters Requirements

• Knowledge and skill in methods of avoiding
  accidents, injury and exposure to danger.
• An ability and attitude that grows with
  experience and training.
• Fire fighting personnel must use the knowledge
  and skills gained through training and experience
  in all situations.

55
(No Transcript)
56
(No Transcript)
57
(No Transcript)
58
Downhill Line Construction Checklist
Downhill fireline construction is a hazardous
practice when done in steep terrain, fast-burning
fuels or rapidly changing weather conditions.
Downhill fireline should not be attempted unless
there is no tactical alternative. The following
requirements WILL BE MET when building downhill
fireline.

• Crew supervisor(s) and fireline overhead discuss
  assignments prior to committing crew(s)
• Decision is made after proposed fireline has been
  scouted by supervisor(s) of involved crew.
• LCES will be coordinated for all personnel
  involved
• Crew supervisor(s) in direct contact with lookout
  who can see the fire.
• Communication established between crews top to
  bottom.
• Rapid access to safety(s) in case fire crosses
  below crew(s)
• Use direct attack whenever possible if not
  possible, the fireline should be completed
  between anchor points before being fired out.
• Fireline will not lie in or adjacent to a chute
  or chimney.
• Starting point for crew(s) building fireline
  down from the top is anchored.
• Bottom of fire will be monitored if the
  potential exists for the fire to spread, action
  will be taken to secure the fire edge.

59
Types of Hazards

• Subjective Hazards are hazards that we have
  direct control over.
• Example condition of equipment, the decision to
  turn your back.
• Objective Hazards are hazards that we have no
  control over.
• Lightning
• Fire weakened timber
• Rolling rocks, logs
• Entrapment by fire

60
(No Transcript)
61
(No Transcript)
62
(No Transcript)
63
(No Transcript)
64
(No Transcript)
65
(No Transcript)
66
(No Transcript)
67
Environmental Hazards

• Heat stress
• Hypothermia
• Darkness
• Carbon monoxide
• Dust

68
(No Transcript)
69
(No Transcript)
70
Biological Hazards

• Snakes
• Insects (bees, ticks, etc.)
• Animals (bears, moose, etc.)
• Plants (poison oak, ivy, cactus, etc.)
• Microorganisms (giardia)
• Viral infections (colds, influenza, etc.)

71
(No Transcript)
72
Equipment Hazards

• Cuts (saws, tools, etc.)
• Burns from mufflers (pumps, saws, etc.)
• Noise (hearing impairment levels)
• Foreign objects thrown from moving parts
• Hand tools (pulaski, shovel, etc.)
• Dozers, tractors/plows, etc.)

73
Vehicle Hazards

• Operating around personnel
• Mechanical failure (I.e. brakes)
• Shifting cargo
• Unskilled/inattentive operator

74
Aircraft (rotor and fixed wing) Hazards

• Retardant drops
• Bucket drops
• Sling loads
• Helicopter rotor wash breaking trees and snags
  (tops, branches, limbs, etc.)
• Transport of personnel

75
(No Transcript)
76
(No Transcript)
77
Fire Environment Hazards

• The actual fire (running, smoldering, creeping)
• Burns
• Smoke
• Unexpected or erratic winds
• Darkness
• Falling snags

78
Human Related Hazards

• Attitude (poor morale, fear, machismo etc.)
• Physical condition
• Experience level
• Training level
• Fatigue
• Critical stress
• Hazardous Materials

79
Base/Camp Related Hazards

• Sleeping areas
• Sanitation
• Maintaining personal hygiene
• Food

80
Hazards Trees and Snags

• Living
• Dying (still alive, but with little or no chance
  of recovery)
• Dead (snags)

81
Hazard Trees - Living trees

• Felling operations
• Aircraft (retardant and bucket drops)
• Strong winds
• Mechanized equipment
• Cat faces and fire scars
• Branches, limbs and tops (widow makers)
• Heavy lean
• Shallow or exposed roots

82
(No Transcript)
83
Hazard Trees - Dying trees

• Same hazards listed above, but to a greater
  degree
• Mechanical defect, (poor root system because of
  soils)
• Evidence of insect activity, disease and decay

84
Hazard Trees - Snags

• Same hazards as living and dying trees, but to a
  much greater degree
• Snags may fall without warning or external
  disturbance
• Snags that are burned out at the base or anywhere
  on the trunk or branches are extremely dangerous!

85
Safety Procedures

• Any hazard or potential hazard should be reported
  to your immediate supervisor.
• In the area is unsafe to work in or around, it
  should be flagged so others are aware of any
  dangers.
• There are two options for working in an unsafe
  area.

86
Working in Unsafe Areas

• Do not enter the area until it is safe
• Make the area safe to work in.
• Fall snags and hazard trees
• Identify the hazard
• Provide a safe area
• Communicate hazards to supervisor and adjoining
  forces
• Provided you have received approval from your
  supervisor and you are qualified.

87
Firefighter Preparedness

• Personal gear
• Care and maintenance of personal gear
• Accountability
• Cleanliness and organization

88
Weight Limits
89
Personal Protective Equipment (PPE)

• Hard hat
• Eye protection
• Hearing protection
• Gloves
• Flame resistant clothing - Nomex
• Leather lace up work boots, 8 inch high
• Socks

90
Personal Protective Equipment (PPE)

• Fire shelters are required
• Canteens are for drinking water
• Headlamps

91
Personal Items

• Eyeglasses
• Jacket or Coat, Sweatshirt
• Cotton under ware
• Socks good quality
• Personal hygienic gear
• foot powder
• tooth brush and paste
• Rain gear

92
Care and Maintenance

• Hard Hat
• Keep headband and straps clean
• Do not modify
• Do not clean plastic hard hats with solvents.
  Use soap and water.

93
Care and Maintenance

• Nomex fire resistant clothing
• Keep clean Nomex loses its fire retardant
  capabilities if foreign substances are on or in
  the fibers.
• Wash in soap and water separate from other
  clothing.
• Replace clothing if ripped or torn.

94
Care and Maintenance

• Boots 8 inch high tops are required.
• Keep clean and apply boot grease or
  manufacturers recommended product.
• Insure boots are in good repair.
• Including all stitching and soles are in good
  condition.

95
Organization Objectives

• Explain different types of crew organization used
  in initial attack and extended attack.
• Given a diagram of the Incident Command System,
  name two positions above the crew boss level.
• Given examples of cultural differences in terms
  of food, standards of behavior, dress and
  customs, respect these differences.

96
Organization (Objectives)

• Given agency social and cultural policies,
  develop a list of behaviors necessary for fire
  related situations.
• As part of an organized crew, develop a list of
  behaviors to follow while on fire assignments.

97
Problems associated with large wildfires

• Too many people were reporting to one supervisor
• Different emergency response structures
• Lack of any structure for coordinated planning
  between agencies
• Unclear lines of authority
• Terminology differences between agencies
• Unclear or unspecified incident objectives
• Inadequate and incompatible communication systems

98
(No Transcript)
99
The Incident Command System

• Span of control
• Standard use of terminology
• Consolidated use of action plans
• Integrated communications
• Predesignated incident facilities
• Comprehensive resource management

100
(No Transcript)
101
Incident Command System ICS
102
ICS Operations
103
Fire Fighter Duties and Responsibilities

• Performs manual and semi-skilled labor.
• Ensures objectives and instructions are
  understood.
• Performs work in a safe manner.
• Maintains self in the physical condition required
  to perform the arduous duties of fire suppression.

104
Fire Fighter Duties and Responsibilities

• Keeps personal clothing and equipment in
  serviceable condition.
• Reports accidents or injuries to supervisor.
• Reports hazardous conditions to supervisor.

105
Types of Crews

• Organized Type I and II crews must be 18-20
  persons.
• Hand crews are usually used to construct fire
  line with cutting tools, scraping tools,
  smothering tools and chain saws.
• Hand crews are also used to assist in making hose
  lays.

106
Type I Crews

• Interagency Hotshot/Hotshot Crews
• 18-20 person smoke jumper crew
• Are a national resource
• Funded by fire management and is primary job

107
(No Transcript)
108
(No Transcript)
109
(No Transcript)
110
(No Transcript)
111
Type II Crews

• Snake River Valley (SRV)
• Southwest Firefighters (SWFF)
• Montana Indian Fire fighters (MIFF)
• Inmates
• Agency Regulars
• Alaskan Native
• Job Corps
• Emergency Hires (EFF)(CWN)(Blue card)

112
Engine Crews
113
(No Transcript)
114
(No Transcript)
115
(No Transcript)
116
(No Transcript)
117
(No Transcript)
118
(No Transcript)
119
(No Transcript)
120
Helicopters
121
(No Transcript)
122
(No Transcript)
123
(No Transcript)
124
(No Transcript)
125
(No Transcript)
126
(No Transcript)
127
(No Transcript)
128
Cultural Differences

• Food
• Housing
• Dress
• Religion

129
Other social and ethnic considerations

• Language barriers may impede communications
• Rivalries may exist between groups
• May require separate facilities
• Inmates
• Males/females

130
Common Problems Associated With Various Fire Crews

• Safety practices and attitudes
• Lack of training and experience
• Off-shift showering etc.
• Tools and equipment left on the fire line
• Fatigue factors
• Crew Morale
• Security

131
Common Problems Associated With Various Fire Crews

• Alcohol and drugs
• Physical stamina of some members
• Need for close supervision
• High accident rates
• Inter-crew communications

132
Use of Tools and EquipmentObjectives

• Given two hand tools, personal protective
  equipment and proper maintenance tools, check the
  condition of each item, perform field maintenance
  and identify those needing replacement

133
Use of Tools and EquipmentObjectives

• Demonstrate the proper sharpening techniques for
  commonly used tools
• Given a description of three fire line jobs and
  a choice of tools, state which tool you would use
  for each job
• Demonstrate the proper methods of carrying and
  passing tools

134
Use of Tools and EquipmentObjectives

• Demonstrate the proper spacing when using hand
  tools
• Demonstrate the proper placement, near a fire
  line, of one or more tools when not in use

135
Cutting Tools-Pulaski

• Pulaski terminology/parts
• Head
• Cutting edge
• Grubbing edge
• Eye
• Handle
• Shoulder
• Butt

136
Cutting Tools-Pulaski

• Wedges
• Metal
• Wood
• Pulaski use
• Use cutting edge as an ax
• Use grubbing edge
• Digging roots
• Trenching

137
(No Transcript)
138
Cutting Tools-Pulaski

• Grip and Stance
• Hold securely
• Place feet apart on solid footing
• Pulaski sharpening
• Taper cutting edge 2 inches wide with an even
  bevel on each side
• Bevel grubbing edge 3/8 wide on a 45 degree angle
  on one side only

139
General Inspection - Cutting Tools

• Tool head
• Cracks
• Damaged cutting head
• Rust
• Safety guards
• Tool handle
• Smooth
• Cracks

140
General Inspection - Cutting Tools

• Tool handle
• Unbroken
• Aligned
• Secure
• With two metal wedges
• Head should not move at all when tested

141
(No Transcript)
142
General Safety - Cutting Tools

• Maintain proper clearance
• 10 feet or more from fellow workers
• When walking and working
• Be careful of hazardous underbrush and canopy
• Know proper carrying procedures
• Balance point
• Downhill side

143
General Safety - Cutting Tools

• Know proper carrying procedures
• Cutting edge away from body
• Inspect periodically
• Handle
• Head
• Secure attachment
• Cutting edges are sharp and filed correctly
• Keep your eyes on what you are cutting

144
(No Transcript)
145
General Safety - Cutting Tools

• Wear safety glasses at all times when using tools
• Watch cutting angle so it will not cause ricochet
• Know how to pass persons when walking
• Never run carrying hand tools
• Signal calling Coming Through
• Wait to be given the right-of-way

146
General Safety - Cutting Tools

• When transferring tools, always pass them handle
  first
• The person receiving the tool needs to say I got
  it before the person giving up the tools lets it
  go
• When tools are not in use designate a safe area
  away from foot traffic
• Lay on the ground, cover with a shovel
• Lean tool against an object in a safe area so it
  will stand upright

147
General Safety - Cutting Tools

• Do not run with hand tools

148
General Safety - Cutting ToolsSharpening

• Secure tools
• Maintain clearance around working area
• Never leave an untended tool
• Always use a file handle and guard
• Always wear gloves and a long sleeve shirt
• Assure file is in good condition
• A worn file will slip

149
General Safety - Cutting ToolsSharpening

• Use palm of hand against the files end
• Do not allow fingers to wrap around
• Do not run your fingers along the length of the
  blade when checking for sharpness
• Make a visual inspection only
• Do not allow tool to remain in log, stump or vise
  if you leave the area

150
General Safety - Cutting ToolsStorage

• Safety guards
• Boxes
• Old hose
• Sheaths
• Vehicles
• Secure safety guards properly
• Placed in proper tool compartment
• Tools should never be transported in the same
  compartment as passengers

151
General Safety - Cutting ToolsStorage

• Bundle tools for helicopter transport
• Five tools per bundle maximum
• Edges should be fiber taped and guarded
• Tools should be securely fastened by helicopter
  personal in a compartment other than the
  passenger compartment
• Tools should never be stored under passenger seats

152
(No Transcript)
153
Tool Use and EquipmentScraping Tools (Objectives)

• Given two hand tools and personal protective
  equipment, check the condition of each item,
  identify those that need replacement and perform
  field maintenance
• Demonstrate the proper sharpening techniques for
  commonly used tools
• Given a description of three fire line jobs and a
  choice of three tools
• State which tools you would use for each job

154
Tool Use and EquipmentScraping Tools (Objectives)

• Demonstrate the proper method of carrying and
  passing tools
• Demonstrate the proper spacing when using hand
  tools
• Demonstrate the proper placement near fire line
  of one or more tools not in use

155
Tool Use and EquipmentScraping Tools - Shovel

• Shovel Terminology
• Blade
• Cutting edge
• Handle
• Heel
• Rivets
• Shank
• Face
• Point

156
Tool Use and EquipmentScraping Tools - Shovel

• Shovel Use
• Digging
• Scraping
• Smothering
• Beating
• Cutting light fuels
• Throwing dirt

157
Tool Use and EquipmentScraping Tools - Shovel

• Shovel Grip and Stance
• Hold securely
• Place feet apart on solid footing
• When scraping use your knee for bracing your arm
• When throwing dirt use the over-the-shoulder
  method or side swing

158
Tool Use and EquipmentScraping Tools - Shovel

• Shovel Care and Maintenance
• Inspect tool head
• Cracks
• Damaged cutting edge
• Rust
• Safety guards
• Inspect tool handle
• Smooth
• Aligned
• Secure

159
Tool Use and EquipmentScraping Tools - Shovel

• Sharpening procedures
• Sharpen edge 2 inches from the heel
• Sharpen to a point

160
Tool Use and EquipmentScraping Tools - McLeod

• McLeod Terminology/parts
• Head
• Cutting edge
• Rake
• Rivet
• Shank
• Handle

161
Tool Use and EquipmentScraping Tools - McLeod

• McLeod - Grip and Stance
• Keep one hand near the shank
• Place feet apart on solid footing
• Use cutting and pulling motion with downward
  pressure on handle
• Scrape
• Use knee for support

162
Tool Use and EquipmentScraping Tools - McLeod

• McLeod - Care and Maintenance
• Inspection
• Tool head
• Cracks
• Damaged cutting edge
• Rust
• Safety guards
• Tool handle
• Smooth
• Aligned
• Secure

163
Tool Use and EquipmentScraping Tools - McLeod

• McLeod - Sharpening procedures
• Keep 45 degree cutting edge
• bevel on outside face
• Keep cutting edge straight and square

164
Tool Use and EquipmentScraping Tools - Combi
Tool

• Combi tool terminology/parts
• Head
• Pick/grub hoe
• Blade
• Hinge/hinge bolt
• Friction nut
• Rivet
• Shank
• Handle
• Cutting edge

165
Tool Use and EquipmentScraping Tools - Combi
Tool

• Place feet apart on solid footing
• Keep a fire grip
• When scraping Use your knee for bracing your arm

166
Tool Use and EquipmentScraping Tools - Combi
Tool

• Care and Maintenance - Tool head
• Cracks
• Damaged cutting edge
• Damaged pick
• Rust
• Hinge/Hinge bolt
• Friction nut

167
Tool Use and EquipmentScraping Tools - Combi
Tool

• Care and Maintenance - Tool Handle
• Smooth
• Aligned
• Secure

168
Tool Use and EquipmentScraping Tools - Combi
Tool

• Sharpening
• Stabilize the tool by sticking the pick end in
  the ground
• Sharpen the blade at a 45 degree angle
• The pick is also sharpened at a 45 degree angle

169
General Safety - Scraping Tools

• Maintain proper clearance (10 feet or more if
  necessary) when either working or walking
• Be cautious when working in hazardous underbrush
  and canopy
• Follow proper carrying procedures
• Balance
• Carry tool on downhill side
• Cutting edge away from body

170
General Safety - Scraping Tools

• Do not run with hand tools
• Follow proper passing procedures
• Give proper signals for moving around other crew
  members coming through
• Wait to be given the right-of-way
• In transferring tools always pass the handle
  first

171
General Safety - Scraping Tools

• Sharpening
• Immobilize tool
• Be sure file is in good condition
• While filing use the palm of the hand on the end
  of the file
• Make a visual inspection for sharpness only
• Be aware of people and objects around you
• Never leave a tool unattended
• Always use gloves, file handle and file

172
General Safety - Scraping Tools

• Storage
• Placed in proper tool compartment
• Never in the same compartment as passengers
• Safety guards properly placed

173
General Safety - Scraping Tools

• Storage
• Store tools a safe distance from the fire line
  and traffic
• Keep tools visible to crew members and others
• Flag areas where tools are kept
• Keep sharp cutting edges near the ground
• Cover tool heads with sheaths or by some other
  protection
• Fiber tape cutting edges when not in use

174
Tool Use and Equipment - Backpack Pump

• Terminology/parts
• Five gallon collapsible tank
• Shoulder straps w/clips
• Trombone clip
• Filler cap
• Flexible hose
• Suction check valve

175
Tool Use and Equipment - Backpack Pump

• Trombone Pump
• Combination nozzle and washer
• Handle
• Adjusting nut
• Barrel

176
Tool Use and Equipment - Backpack Pump

• Backpack pump use
• Maintain proper body position for carrying on
  your back
• Lift with your legs and keep your back straight
• Maintain good footing and stance
• Work trombone in and out (priming)
• Place finger over tip to produce a spray or
  change nozzle

177
Tool Use and Equipment - Backpack Pump

• Backpack pump use
• Direct streams in a swinging motion parallel to
  fire perimeter and at base of flame
• Refill from a water source (use clean water,
  muddy water will plug water passages)

178
Tool Use and Equipment - Backpack Pump

• Backpack pump care and maintenance
• Check for water in tank
• Check outlet in bottom for blockage
• Disconnect hose from tank and pump assembly and
  check for blockage inside hose
• Check to ensure that ball in check valve is not
  stuck in the open or closed position

179
Tool Use and Equipment - Backpack Pump

• Backpack pump care and maintenance
• Never put oil or grease on any nozzles or
  backpack pump. Use powdered graphite or non-oil
  based lubricant. Oil and grease will collect
  dirt and damage unit.

180
Tool Use and Equipment - Backpack Pump

• Backpack pump Safety
• Do not climb over obstacles while wearing
  backpack pump
• Do not run with backpack pump
• Do not use anything but water in a backpack pump
• Adjust carrying straps
• Lift properly
• When full a 5-gallon backpack pump weights 45
  pounds

181
Tools and Equipment - HeadlampTerminology/parts

• Batteries, dry cell
• Battery case
• Elastic adjustable head strap
• Adjustable lens
• Two bulbs
• Lamp
• Toggle switch

• Battery case terminals
• Contact prongs

182
Tools and Equipment - HeadlampHeadlamp Use

• Batteries, 4 size AA
• Insert batteries in case
• Have 2 bulbs 2.2 VO 25 amp
• Replace bulbs
• Mount headlamp on helmet and place elastic strap
  under helmet clips
• Discard all used batteries in proper receptacle
  after each operational period

183
Tools and Equipment Headlamp Care and Maintenance

• Check batteries and bulb
• Ensure cardboard is removed from between
  batteries and contacts
• Keep electrical contact prongs on inside of case
  bent slightly outward
• Check to see that all contacts are clean and free
  of corrosion and they are tightly screwed on

184
Tools and Equipment Headlamp Care and Maintenance

• If batteries are loose and move around inside the
  case, use paper as shims and place around battery
  case
• Check switch for proper operation
• Keep lens clean

185
Tools and Equipment Headlamp Care and Maintenance

• Troubleshooting
• Batteries inserted in wrong order or worn out
• Burned out bulb
• Dirty terminals
• Loose batteries in case
• Faulty toggle switch
• Cardboard between batteries and electrical
  contacts

186
Tools and Equipment Headlamp Care and Maintenance

• Replace batteries every operational shift
• Carry replacement batteries
• Use fresh batteries
• Place used batteries in proper receptacle
• Do not dispose of batteries on the fire line
• For night operations have light beam directed
  toward your work or activity

187
Tools and Equipment Headlamp Care and Maintenance

• Place cardboard between batteries and contacts to
  prevent accidental drain of electricity from
  batteries

188
Transportation of Personnel and Tools

• Objectives
• Develop a list of three safety procedures to
  follow when traveling by each of the following
• Vehicle
• Boat
• Helicopter
• Fixed-wing aircraft
• On foot

189
(No Transcript)
190
(No Transcript)
191
Transportation of Personnel and Tools

• Vehicle Travel
• Provide one person to control loading
• Use steps or safety devices
• Provide lights at night
• Keep tools boxed
• Do not overload
• When traveling stay off running boards, bumpers
  and steps.

192
Transportation of Personnel and Tools

• Vehicle travel
• Avoid horseplay
• Do not distract the driver
• Keep arms and legs inside
• Do not throw anything off vehicle
• Do not smoke
• Wear seat belts

193
Transportation of Personnel and Tools

• Vehicle unloading
• Provide one person to control unloading
• Stay seated until vehicle comes to a stop
• Move away from the vehicle with all your
  equipment
• Movement of equipment and tools is accomplished
  in an orderly manner

194
Transportation of Personnel and Tools

• Boat travel
• Wear life preservers
• Stay seated
• Do not stand
• Follow boat crew directions
• Do not overload
• Keep arms and legs inside

• Remain seated
• Remain still dont rock the boat
• Boat unloading
• Wait for boat to be secured
• Be careful of footing surfaces may be slippery

195
Transportation of Personnel and Tools

• Boat travel
• Wear life preservers
• Stay seated
• Do not stand
• Follow boat crew directions
• Do not overload
• Keep arms and legs inside

• Remain seated
• Remain still dont rock the boat
• Boat unloading
• Wait for boat to be secured
• Be careful of footing surfaces may be slippery

196
Transportation of Personnel and Tools

• Helicopter Loading
• Follow instructions of personal responsible for
  loading
• Approach helicopter only when directed by the
  pilot or person responsible for loading
• Never approach a helicopter from the rear
• Never approach from ground that is higher than
  the helicopter

197
Transportation of Personnel and Tools

• Helicopter Loading
• Fasten hardhat chin strap or hold hardhat firmly
  in your hand close to your body
• Walk in crouched position when underneath main
  rotor Do not run
• Tools will be loaded by qualified helitack
  personal
• Never throw anything from or near the helicopter

198
Transportation of Personnel and Tools

• Helicopter Loading
• Pack all gear securely and hold it firmly or tie
  it down
• Wear eye protection when around helicopters
• Follow directions of helitack personnel
• Fasten seat belt
• Have person responsible for loading or unloading
  open and close door

199
Transportation of Personnel and Tools

• Helicopter riding
• Do not smoke or chew tobacco
• Stay clear of controls
• Hold gear firmly
• Never throw anything out of a helicopter
• Fasten hard hat chin strap or hold hard hat in
  arm or hand
• Do not distract pilot

200
Transportation of Personnel and Tools

• Helicopter riding
• Stay seated Do not unfasten seat belt until
  directed by helitack personnel
• Keep hands off controls, doors and windows.

201
Transportation of Personnel and Tools

• Helicopter unloading
• Wait for signal from pilot
• Crouch and exit to the front or side as directed
  by helitack personnel
• Never go uphill away from the helicopter
• Use red handles only for emergencies
• These handles jettison the doors

202
Transportation of Personnel and ToolsFixed wing
aircraft travel

• Follow the pilots instructions
• The pilot is in command
• Never open a door while in flight
• Do not distract the pilot during take-off or
  landing
• No smoking
• Do not slam door shut
• Fasten seat belts

203
Transportation of Personnel and ToolsEmergency
Landing Procedures

• Position yourself in the correct crash position
  depending on which seat you are sitting in.
• Front facing
• Rear facing
• With or without shoulder harness

204
Transportation of Personnel and ToolsFoot Travel

• Supervisor will set the pace and select the route
  of the crew
• Crew members must stay together.
• If you are separated, stay on the fire line.
• Maintain proper spacing between crew members

205
(No Transcript)
206
Transportation of Personnel and ToolsHazards
Foot Travel

• Darkness hampers your ability to recognize many
  objects in time to avoid them
• Hand tools
• Falling trees, tree tops hanging loose debris
  from saws or tractors, fire or disease weakened
  trees
• Leaning trees
• Snags

207
Transportation of Personnel and ToolsHazards
Foot Travel

• Whipping branches
• Rolling rock or logs
• Vehicles, tractors and ATVs
• Unstable footing
• Stream or canal crossings
• Avoid high log crossing
• Watch the log not the water
• In swift current face the stream, remove boots,
  loosen pack

208
Transportation of Personnel and ToolsHazards
Foot Travel

• Stump holes
• Avoid root holes from upended trees
• Watch out for burned stumps that may be hidden
  under ash layer
• Beware of white ash that may indicate stump hole
  (test with stick or hand tool)
• Locate hazards (poisonous insects, snakes or
  plants polluted water

209
Firing DevicesObjectives

• Describe two hazards to operators when using a
  fusee
• Given a fusee demonstrate or simulate how to
  ignite, use and extinguish

210
(No Transcript)
211
Firing DevicesFusee Terminology

• Safety cap
• Fusee
• Wrapper (waxed)
• Handle (ferrule)
• Contents (phosphorous)
• Striker (igniter)

212
Firing Devices Fusee Features

• Fusee has a protected ignition surface
• Fusee is approximately 10 to 18 inches long
• Fusee burns for 15 to 30 minutes
• Temperature of flame is approximately 1400
  degrees fahrenheit

213
Firing Devices Fusee Use

• Grip fusee by handle
• Remove striker cap by taped end
• Scratch striker against ignition surface by
  striking down and away from body.
• Turn your head to the side when striking
• Stand upwind of fusee to avoid inhaling fumes

214
(No Transcript)
215
Firing Devices Fusee Use

• When using, carry fusee in the downward position
• Devise wooden extension for handle (improvise) or
  place several fusees together end-to-end
• Keep fusee on the burn side of the fire line
• To extinguish, strike burning end sharply on the
  ground or extinguish the fusee in mineral soil
• Watch out for burning slag

216
Firing Devices Fusee Care and Maintenance

• Dispose of punctured fusees
• Dispose of fusees that are damaged or the wrapper
  is worn
• Keep cap in place, Do not lose or allow to become
  loose
• Keep fusee clean, dry and away from water and oil
• Keep fusee away from heat

217
Firing Devices Fusee Safety

• Keep lit fusee away from body and clothing
• Insure sleeves are rolled down
• Do not stare at bright flame
• Keep lit fusee away from anything you do not want
  to burn
• Be extra careful, phosphorous can cause severe
  burns

218
Firing Devices Fusee Safety

• Do not point fusee at anyone always point it
  downward and away from your body
• Do not remove cap until ready to use
• Avoid breathing fumes and vapors
• Wear eye protection and gloves
• Turn your head to the side when striking

219
Firing Devices Drip Torch Objectives

• Describe four hazards to operators when using a
  drip torch
• State proper fuel mixture
• Prepare a drip torch for use and ignite
• Demonstrate the safe use of the drip torch
• Extinguish a drip torch and prepare it for
  storage

220
Firing Devices Drip Torch Terminology

• Drip Torch (orchard torch)
• Fuel tank with handle
• Tank vent with breather valve
• Spout and nozzle
• Wick and wick holder
• Tank cover and gasket

221
Firing Devices Drip Torch Terminology

• Tank lock ring (O-ring)
• Fuel
• Torch holder and hold-down spring
• Personal protective equipment

222
Firing Devices Drip Torch Fuel Mixture

• Mix 2 parts diesel fuel to 1 part solvent
• Mix 2 parts crankcase oil to 1 part gasoline
• Mix 3 parts diesel fuel to 1 part gasoline
• Fill to one-fourth from the top to allow for
  expansion

223
Firing Devices Drip Torch Use

• Put on PPE
• Shake torch to mix fuel
• Set torch in cleared area
• Unscrew lock ring
• Remove and secure flow plug
• Remove spout from fuel tank
• Inspect rubber gasket and fuel supply

224
Firing Devices Drip Torch Use

• Set spout upright on torch in space provided,
  with wick facing opposite and away from handle
• Screw lock ring on fuel tank tightly
• Open air vent 3/4 of the way
• Wipe off spilled fuel

225
Firing Devices Drip Torch Use - Lighting

• Spread fuel on a small amount of ground litter in
  a cleared area where the torch will be used
• Light torch from ground fire
• Carry torch in upright position until ready to
  use
• Tilt torch downward when using
• Maybe used in a swinging parallel to the
  direction of travel

226
Firing Devices Drip Torch Use - Lighting

• Be careful of where you spread fire
• Each droplet of fuel should ignite if fuel is
  mixed properly

227
Firing Devices Drip Torch Use - Storage

• Extinguish or let wick burn dry, set upright and
  let cool