Fish Friendly Site Development

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Low Impact Development TechniquesSustainable
Infrastructure Strategies
Washington Public Ports Association
Environmental Seminar Climate Change and
Low-Impact Development A Practical
Overview Bellingham, Washington September 26,
2008
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WHOLISTIC ENGINEERING

• 2020 ENGINEERINGs approach for problem solving

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WHOLISTIC ENGINEERINGDefinition
Wholistic Engineering is a management approach
which includes the comprehensive inclusion of all
issues and possible conditions related to the
primary task or mission
Wholistic relating to a complete and total
system or organization of parts fitting or
working together as one. A system, which may
also exist within a whole system, includes a
group of units or method of procedure so combined
as to form a functioning whole and operating in
unison an organized whole. Engineering a
science by which the resources and properties of
matter and sources of energy are made useful to
humankind in systems, structures, machines, and
products.
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WHOLISTIC ENGINEERING

• Its all about relationships

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WHOLISTIC ENGINEERINGDesign Approach

• Whole System Design
• Site Relationships
• Integrated Design
• Design Relationships
• Sustainable Design
• Materials Resources

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WHOLISTIC ENGINEERING

• 3-Point design criteria for evaluating solutions
• Economical (short-term and long-term costs)
• Environmentally Friendly (ecologically
  compatible)
• Simple (easy to build and operate)

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WHOLISTIC ENGINEERINGleads to

• Ecological / Ecosystem Based Solutions
• Mimic Natural Systems
• Eliminate the Problem/Root Cause
  vs.
• Treat the Problem/Symptom

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Sustainable Infrastructure Strategies

• Changes to site development methods
• Learning from our past failures and successes

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Stormwater Detention

• Standard Conventional Design
• Create Pond with outlet control
• (End of the pipe solution)

• Do they have to be this ugly???

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Impervious Surfaces
Sustainable Infrastructure Strategies

• As impervious
• surface increases...

• Peak run-off velocities increase, base flows
  decrease, evapotranspiration decreases
• Erosion happens and streams have no water

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Sustainable Infrastructure Strategies Towards a
healthier future

• Conventional Development
• Addressed major problems and disasters
• (Crisis Management)

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Sustainable Infrastructure Strategies Towards a
healthier future

• Low Impact Development
• Reducing negative impact on resources
• Conventional Development
• Addressed major problems and disasters
• (Crisis Management)

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Sustainable Infrastructure Strategies Towards a
healthier future

• Sustainable Development
• Maintaining resources
• Low Impact Development
• Reducing negative impact on resources
• Conventional Development
• Addressed major problems and disasters
• (Crisis Management)

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Sustainable Infrastructure Strategies Towards a
healthier future

• Living Building Challenge
• Near zero impacts on resources
• Sustainable Development
• Maintaining resources
• Low Impact Development
• Reducing negative impact on resources
• Conventional Development
• Addressed major problems and disasters
• (Crisis Management)

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Sustainable Infrastructure Strategies Towards a
healthier future

• Regenerative (Restorative) Development
• Restoring damaged resources
• Living Building Challenge
• Near zero impacts on resources
• Sustainable Development
• Maintaining resources
• Low Impact Development
• Reducing negative impact on resources
• Conventional Development
• Addressed major problems and disasters
• (Crisis Management)

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Sustainable Infrastructure Strategies

• Features On-Site Techniques
• Decentralized Approach
• (Small Scale Systems)
• vs.
• Centralized Approach
• (Large Scale Municipal System)

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Low Impact DevelopmentShoreline applications
based on site conditions

• L.I.D. Site Design Techniques
• Geometrics Layout (Build Less i.e., Narrow
  Streets)
• Porous Pavements (Permeable Surfaces)
• Bioretention (Raingardens)
• Soil Amendments (Compost Amended Soils)
• Rainwater Harvesting (Collection and Reuse)
• Low Impact Foundations (Little or No Excavation)
• Green Roofs

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Design Category SITE
Sustainable Water Resource Management
Sustainable Design Principles

• Mimic Natural Systems
• Net Zero Impervious Surfaces
• Minimize Earthwork
• No Curb Gutters or Catch Basins
• (Do not concentrate stormwater flows!)
• Roadways and Walkways shall be porous surfaces
• Use Impervious Surfaces for beneficial uses
• (i.e., Rainwater Harvesting, Vegetated Roofs)
• Landscape areas used for Stormwater Management
• (i.e., Raingardens)

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Low Impact Development

• Ways to Mimic Nature by design
• 1 DESIGN CRITERIA
• No Catch Basins or Curbs (Do not concentrate
  flows!)
• Sheet Flow Run-off
• Retain Water On-Site
• Minimize Impervious
• Surfaces
• Porous Surfaces

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Porous PavementsImpervious Surface Reduction
Strategies

• Permeable (Porous) Surfaces
• Hardscapes
• Porous Concrete / Asphalt Pavements
• Interlocking Concrete Pavers
• Gravel Cellular Confinement Systems
• Softscapes
• Reinforced Grass Surfaces
• Grass Cellular Confinement Systems
• Green Roofs

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Porous PavementsImpervious Surface Reduction
Strategies

• Mimic Nature

Native Soil Section (Natural Conditions)
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Porous PavementsImpervious Surface Reduction
Strategies

• Mimic Nature

Porous Pavement Section (Built
Conditions)
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Porous PavementsImpervious Surface Reduction
Strategies

• Stormwater Treatment, Detention/Retention and
  Flow Control are built into the section

Underdrain pipe Optional depending on site
conditions
TYPICAL SECTION
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Bioretention (Raingardens)
Raingardens Landscapes for stormwater management
AMENDED SOIL
(Optional)
Underdrain pipe Optional
depending on site conditions
TYPICAL SECTION

• Uses plantings in a conditioned planting soil
  bed to treat and manage stormwater runoff

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Soil Amendments(Compost Amended Soil)

• Amended Soil Ground Cover
• Sand/Organic blend placed over disturbed yard
  areas to restore on-site water holding capacity
  and provide healthy plant growing media.
• Amended soil mixes may include sand,
  topsoil
• and/or Grade A compost.

TYPICAL SECTION
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Rainwater Harvesting

• LID - Stormwater Management Technique - Options
  for potable and non-potable water uses -
  Non-potable uses include toilet flush, laundry,
  and irrigation

Islandwood Cisterns for irrigation of organic
gardens
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Rainwater Collection and Reuse

• Use impervious roof surfaces for beneficial uses

• Irrigation Only
• Toilet Flush Water
• Potable Water

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Green Roofs

• Types of Green Roofs
• Extensive
• Intensive
• Underground Parking Garages Earth
  Shelter Buildings

Underground Parking Midrid, Spain
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Green Roofs

• Ecological Benefits
• Cleansing of airborne toxins
• Re-oxygenates the air (carbon sink)
• Recycling of nutrients
• Reduction of the Urban Heat Island effect
• Technical Benefits...
• Reduces temperature extremes on the roof
• Prevents mechanical damage to the roof 
• Reduces noise transmission into the building
• Increased energy efficiency
• Stormwater Management
• Owner Benefits...
• Additional Usable Space for tenants
• Lowers maintenance and replacement cost

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Green Roofs

• Extensive Green Roofs
• Lightweight systems of thin layers of drought
  tolerant self-seeding vegetated roof covers using
  colorful sedums, grasses, mosses and meadow
  flowers requiring little or no irrigation,
  fertilization or maintenance.
• Can be constructed on roofs with slopes up to
  33, and can be retrofitted onto existing
  structures with little, or most often, no
  additional structural support.

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Green Roofs

• Intensive Green Roofs
• more elaborately designed roof landscapes, such
  as roof gardens, that are intended for human
  interaction and need to be engineered to conform
  to the load requirements. 
• Typically have flat roof surfaces or slopes of up
  to 3.

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Low Impact Foundations (Little or No Excavation)

• Diamond Piers
• www.pinfoundations.com

• Helical Screw Piles
• www.abchance.com

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LEED Leadership in Energy Environmental Design
A leading-edge rating system for designing,
constructing, and certifying the worlds greenest
buildings.
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Green Building

• LEED Scoring - 69 points total
• Sustainable Sites 14 points
• Water Efficiency 5 points
• Energy and Atmosphere 17 points
• Materials and Resources 13 points
• Indoor Environmental Quality 15 points
• Innovation 4 points
• LEED Accredited Professional 1 point

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Green Building

• LEED Rating
• Platinum 52-69 points
• Gold 39-51 points
• Silver 33-38 points
• Certified 26-32 points

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Green Building

• LEED Categories
• Water Efficiency
• 2. Innovative Wastewater Technologies (1)
• 3. Water Use Reduction (2)
• Sustainable Sites
• 5. Reduced Site Disturbance (2)
• 6. Stormwater Management (2)
• 7. Landscape Exterior Design to
• Reduce Heat Islands (1)
• Materials Resources
• 5. Regional Local
• Materials (2)

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The Living Building Challenge
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The Living Building Challenge
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The Living Building Challenge
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The Living Building Challenge
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The Living Building Challenge

• Net Zero Energy
• Net Zero Water

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shortcomings of conventional water carriage
sanitation
ecosan principles

• Unsatisfactory purification or uncontrolled
  discharge of more than 90 of wastewater
  worldwide
• Severe water pollution, unbearable health risks
• Consumption of precious water for transport of
  waste
• High investment, energy, operating and
  maintenance costs
• Frequent subsidization of prosperous areas and
  neglect of poorer settlements
• Loss of valuable nutrients and trace elements
  contained in excrements due to discharge into
  waters
• Problems with contaminated sewage sludge in
  combined, central systems
• Linear end-of-pipe technology

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closing the loop between sanitation and
agriculture
ecosan principles
rainwater harvesting
restoring soil fertility
food
agricultural use
organic waste
greywater
faeces
urine
treatment / hygienization / energy recovery
water reuse
no waste disposal in water bodies
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Source separation of wastewater
(Alsen and Jenssen 2005)
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ecosan projects
main building of GTZ headquarter, Germany
ecosan concept separation, processing and
agricultural reuse of urine (implementation
2004/2005)
Source GTZ
urine diversion toilets and waterless urinals
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wastewater and excreta are a valuable resource
ecosan principles

• farmers around the world yearly require 135 Mio
  tons of mineral fertiliser for their crops, while
  at the same time conventional sanitation dumps 50
  Mio tons of fertiliser equivalents from so called
  wastewater flows into our water bodies -
  nutrients with a market value of around 15
  Billion US dollars.

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Upscaling decentralized urban ecosan systems
c
Treatment/collection site
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Low Impact Development
Project Examples
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Porous Concrete PavementImpervious Surface
Reduction Strategies

• Porous Cement Concrete

Public Alley, Bellingham, WA
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Porous Concrete PavementImpervious Surface
Reduction Strategies

• Porous Cement Concrete

Bayview Corner, Whidbey Island, WA
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Porous PavementsImpervious Surface Reduction
Strategies

• EcoStone Porous Pavers

Residential Driveway, Bellingham, WA
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SF-RIMA Porous Pavement
Porous PavementsImpervious Surface Reduction
Strategies
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Porous PavementsImpervious Surface Reduction
Strategies

• Reinforced Grass Pavement

Bayview Corner, Whidbey Island, WA
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Porous PavementsImpervious Surface Reduction
Strategies

• Reinforced Grass Pavement

Boundary Bay Brewery, Bellingham, WA
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Porous PavementsImpervious Surface Reduction
Strategies

• Porous Gravel Pavement

ADA Assessible Trail
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Low Impact DevelopmentExample Project
Residential and Waterfront Resort
Roche Harbor, San Juan County, WA
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Low Impact DevelopmentExample Project Narrow
Streets Alleys
Roche Harbor, San Juan County, WA
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Low Impact DevelopmentExample Project Narrow
Streets Alleys
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Low Impact DevelopmentExample Project

• Raingarden
• For Handling Parking Street Run-off
• Raingarden Planting Strips
• For Handling Street Edge Run-off

Roche Harbor, San Juan County, WA
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Low Impact DevelopmentExample Project
Raingarden for handling street run-off
Roche Harbor - Raingarden
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Low Impact DevelopmentExample Project
Raingarden for handling street run-off
Roche Harbor - Raingarden
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Low Impact DevelopmentExample Project
Raingarden for handling street run-off
Roche Harbor - Raingarden
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Low Impact DevelopmentExample Project
Raingarden Planting Strip for handling street
run-off
Roche Harbor Raingarden Planter Strips
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Low Impact DevelopmentExample Project
Raingarden Planting Strip for handling street
run-off
Roche Harbor Raingarden Planter Strips
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Sustainable Development LEED Example Project
City Recreation Center100 Infiltration
Pervious Pavements Raingardens

• 75,000 SF community center on 10.5 acres
• No curbs
• No catch basins
• 100,000 SF of pervious concrete pavement
• Raingardens
• Infiltration of roof water
• Pool-water re-use for toilet flushing

Firstenburg Community Center, City of Vancouver,
WA
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Sustainable Development LEED Example Project
City Recreation Center100 Infiltration
Pervious Pavements Raingardens
Firstenburg Community Center, City of Vancouver,
WA
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Low Impact DevelopmentExample Project School
Campus100 Infiltration - Raingardens
Cottage Lake Elementary, Woodinville, WA
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Low Impact Development Example Project
Commercial DevelopmentRetention/Detention
Design Pervious Pavement Raingardens
Wilson Motors (Along Whatcom Creek) Bellingham, WA
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Low Impact Development Example Project Medical
Office Complex
Park Tower Plaza, Bellingham, WA
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Low Impact Development Example Project Medical
Office Complex
Park Tower Plaza, Bellingham, WA
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Water EfficiencyEcological Wastewater
Treatment and Re-Use

• Living Machine
• An ecological wastewater treatment system
• Uses of reclaimed water
• Educational

Missouri Discovery Center Kansas City, Missouri
Islandwood An Environmental Learning
CenterBainbridge Island, Washington
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Water Use EfficiencyEcological Wastewater
Treatment and Re-Use
Islandwood LEED GOLD
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A Sustainable Integrated Water Resource
Management Plan
Pleasant Harbor - Hood Canal
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A Sustainable Integrated Water Resource
Management Plan
Pleasant Harbor Proposed Re-Development
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A Sustainable Integrated Water Resource
Management Plan
Closed-Loop Water Cycle Concept Flow Diagram
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Charrette Results

• Site Design Considerations
• Utilize parks open space for treatment
• Infiltrate where appropriate
• Water expression education

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Charrette Results
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Sustainable Infrastructure StrategiesSummary

• Integrated Design
• Build Less Build Smarter
• Water Conservation
• Water Reuse
• Rainwater Harvesting
• Porous Pavements
• Raingardens
• Low Impact Foundations
• Green Roofs

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Sustainable Infrastructure StrategiesSummary

• Economical (short-term and long-term costs)
• Reduce Potable Water Demand
• Reduce Land Area Requirements
• Reduce or Eliminate Costly Stormwater Handling
  Systems
• Reduced or Comparable Maintenance Costs

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Sustainable Infrastructure StrategiesSummary

• Economical (short-term and long-term costs)
• Reduce Potable Water Demand
• Reduce Land Area Requirements
• Reduce or Eliminate Costly Stormwater Handling
  Systems
• Reduced or Comparable Maintenance Costs
• Environmentally Friendly (ecologically
  compatible)
• Mimics Nature
• Reuse of water resources
• Reduces surface run-off
• Promotes infiltration
• Provides natural treatment

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Sustainable Infrastructure StrategiesSummary

• Economical (short-term and long-term costs)
• Reduce Potable Water Demand
• Reduce Land Area Requirements
• Reduce or Eliminate Costly Stormwater Handling
  Systems
• Reduced or Comparable Maintenance Costs
• Environmentally Friendly (ecologically
  compatible)
• Mimics Nature
• Reuse of water resources
• Reduces surface run-off
• Promotes infiltration
• Provides natural treatment
• Simple (easy to design, build and operate)

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Why Did the