Welcome to elearning session on WATER RESOURCES 06CIV18

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Welcome to e-learning session onWATER
RESOURCES (06CIV18)
Dr. H.S. Ramesh, Professor, Department of
Environmental Engineering, SJCE, Mysore
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Session 05 UNIT-III WATER RESOURCES
Dr. H.S. Ramesh, Professor, Department of
Environmental Engineering, SJCE, Mysore
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Water Resources

• One of the natural resources ? basis of all life
• Economic activities ? agriculture
• ? industry
• Increased population ? stress on water resources
• Lack of water ? no food production

Dr. H.S. Ramesh, Professor, Department of
Environmental Engineering, SJCE, Mysore
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Global Water Budget
Dr. H.S. Ramesh, Professor, Department of
Environmental Engineering, SJCE, Mysore
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Global Annual Water Balance

• Runoff to Ocean
• From Rivers (Km3/year) - 44,700
• From Groundwater - 2,200
• Total Runoff (mm/y) - 316

Dr. H.S. Ramesh, Professor, Department of
Environmental Engineering, SJCE, Mysore
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Precipitation

• Precipitation major source
• Precipitation Processes
• Sources ? Surface Water
• ? Ground Water

Dr. H.S. Ramesh, Professor, Department of
Environmental Engineering, SJCE, Mysore
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Hydrologic Cycle
Dr. H.S. Ramesh, Professor, Department of
Environmental Engineering, SJCE, Mysore
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Hydrologic Cycle
Radiation
Cloud
Atmosphere
Evaporation
Evapotranspiration
Ocean
Surface Runoff
Surface Zone
Chemical Biological Degradation
Subsurface Runoff
Vadose Zone
Leaching
Groundwater
Leaching
Groundwater
Dr. H.S. Ramesh, Professor, Department of
Environmental Engineering, SJCE, Mysore
Introduction
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Per Capita

• 700 lpcd (USA)
• 400 lpcd (France)
• 135 lpcd (India)
• But Urban ? 80 100 lpcd
• Rural ? 55 to 70 lpcd
• Global Consumption ? Double in another 20 years

Dr. H.S. Ramesh, Professor, Department of
Environmental Engineering, SJCE, Mysore
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Factors Worsening Water Crisis

• Growing population
• Ineffective irrigation
• Pollution
• The worlds quest for fresh water led to
  widespread environmental destructions.
• Environmental Impact ? Devasting

Dr. H.S. Ramesh, Professor, Department of
Environmental Engineering, SJCE, Mysore
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Drought

• Complex physical and social process
• No definite definition
• Unlike flood, it is not a distinct event
• No well defined start or end
• Commonly used definition based on
• Meteorological drought
• Agricultural drought
• Socio-economic drought (health and economy)
• Hydrological (lack of rain and flow)
• ? Diminished precipitation, duration and
  intensity.

Dr. H.S. Ramesh, Professor, Department of
Environmental Engineering, SJCE, Mysore
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Future global conflicts would arise over control
of the sharing of river basins on which millions
of people depend water for drinking, irrigation
and energy.
Dr. H.S. Ramesh, Professor, Department of
Environmental Engineering, SJCE, Mysore
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Water Quality (Physical, Chemical and
Bacteriological Characteristics)

• Suspended Solids
• Dissolved Solids
• ? Some area having soft, hard, saltish depending
  upon the
• location of source.

Dr. H.S. Ramesh, Professor, Department of
Environmental Engineering, SJCE, Mysore
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Dams and Water Conservation

• Formation of reservoir
• Monsoon flow storage
• Assured water for various purposes
• Dams
• Hydropower
• Flood Control
• Irrigation
• Recreation
• ? Multipurpose Dams

Dr. H.S. Ramesh, Professor, Department of
Environmental Engineering, SJCE, Mysore
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Benefits of Dam

• Food Production
• Fish Production
• Energy Production
• Ecosystem Improvement new wetland ? fisheries

Dr. H.S. Ramesh, Professor, Department of
Environmental Engineering, SJCE, Mysore
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Problems with Dams

• Loss of biodiversity
• Habitat submergence
• Loss of forest and fertile land
• Water logging
• Erosion

Dr. H.S. Ramesh, Professor, Department of
Environmental Engineering, SJCE, Mysore
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Socio-economic Impacts

• Poorly managed involuntary displacement and loss
  of
• livelihood
• Higher incidence of water borne diseases
• Downstream people problem
• Inadequate compensation
• Micro-climate variation

Dr. H.S. Ramesh, Professor, Department of
Environmental Engineering, SJCE, Mysore
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Sustainability

• Avoid and minimize ecosystem impacts
• Periodic monitoring
• Adaptation of National Water Policy
• Riparian Rights
• Sharing of water without disputes

Dr. H.S. Ramesh, Professor, Department of
Environmental Engineering, SJCE, Mysore
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Water Disputes

• India Pakistan (1947 1960)
• Indus Valley Basin Irrigation Water Share
• Indus Waters Agreement established in 1960 after
  12 years of World Bank led negotiations
• 1991- Present Karnataka Tamil Nadu
• Violence erupt interim order of Supreme Court
• Tribunal was established in 1990
• Utilisation of Cauvery water for both the states

Dr. H.S. Ramesh, Professor, Department of
Environmental Engineering, SJCE, Mysore
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Conservation of Water

• Reduction of water utility in domestic and
  industrial sector
• Prevention of leakage in pipes, joints, taps,
  etc.
• Utilisation of wastewater for secondary purposes
• Recycle and reuse of wastewater
• Better ETP design and maintenance

Dr. H.S. Ramesh, Professor, Department of
Environmental Engineering, SJCE, Mysore
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Rainwater Harvesting

• Recharge of groundwater
• Detention ponds
• Percolation tanks
• Utilisation for secondary purposes

Dr. H.S. Ramesh, Professor, Department of
Environmental Engineering, SJCE, Mysore
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Rainwater Harvesting
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Dr. H.S. Ramesh, Professor, Department of
Environmental Engineering, SJCE, Mysore
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Rainwater Harvesting
Dr. H.S. Ramesh, Professor, Department of
Environmental Engineering, SJCE, Mysore
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Dr. H.S. Ramesh, Professor, Department of
Environmental Engineering, SJCE, Mysore
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Dr. H.S. Ramesh, Professor, Department of
Environmental Engineering, SJCE, Mysore
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Catchment
Dr. H.S. Ramesh, Professor, Department of
Environmental Engineering, SJCE, Mysore
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Filtration
Dr. H.S. Ramesh, Professor, Department of
Environmental Engineering, SJCE, Mysore
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Groundwater Recharge
Dr. H.S. Ramesh, Professor, Department of
Environmental Engineering, SJCE, Mysore
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THANK YOU
Dr. H.S. Ramesh, Professor, Department of
Environmental Engineering, SJCE, Mysore