Presentation No' 3

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Presentation No. 3 February 23, 2004 Bruce
Cogill, Ph.D.
Food Aid Food Security
Adapted from Cogill, B. and T. Castleman. Food
Aid Issues and Applications. FANTA, Feb. 2003
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Food Security Conceptual Framework

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Goals of the U.S. Food Assistance Program
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Title I (FY 2000 - 223 million)
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Title II (FY2003 gt 1 Billion)

• U.S. Agency for International Development (USAID)
• Emergency and Development programs implemented by
  
• Cooperatives
• Private Voluntary Organizations (PVOs)
• international relief organizations, including the
  WFP
• Development - Distributed in-kind and monetized
• FY 2000 Emergency gt500 million
• 35 million beneficiaries 60 programs, 33
  countries
• Development gt400 million
• 20 million beneficiaries, 103 programs, 39
  countries

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Title III (FY2000 - 5.4 million)

• Government-to-government multi-year grant
  mechanism
• identify key policy constraints to improved food
  security
• e.g. land tenure, export constraints, budgetary
  policies
• negotiate policy conditionalities
• Section 416(b) (FY2000 gt500 million )
• U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA)
• Surplus commodities, donated to PVOs. WFP and
  governments

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Priorities for Title II Development Food Aid
Programs

• Programmatic focus
• improving household nutrition, especially for
  children and mothers
• increasing agricultural productivity to alleviate
  one of the leading causes of hunger and
• increasing incomes in rural and urban areas
  through economic and community development and by
  promoting sound environmental practices.
• Geographic focus is South Asia and Sub-Saharan
  Africat

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The categories of food commodities

• Whole Grains
• Processed or Milled Grains
• Blends (e.g. corn soy blend, wheat soy blend,
  corn soy milk)
• Soy-fortified Cereals
• Vegetable Oils
• Pulses (e.g. beans, lentils, peas)
• Other (e.g. sugar, salt, condiments)

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Integration of food aid and other resources
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Maternal/Child Health and Nutrition
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Conceptual Framework of MCHN Programs
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Uses of rations in MCHN programs

• Recuperation Rehabilitate children suffering
  from malnutrition. Malnourished children (or
  their families) receive food as a dietary
  supplement to enable them to attain normal
  nutritional status
• Prevention Food is provided to households that
  have vulnerable members at risk of malnutrition
  in order to prevent them from becoming
  malnourished
• Incentive Food is used to motivate mothers to
  participate in educational activities aimed at
  improving maternal/child health and nutritional
  practices and at encouraging the use of health
  services. Food reduces barriers to participation
  in these activities, since it compensates for the
  time women spend attending the activities.

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Uses of rations in MCHN programs

• Many Title II commodities are fortified and can
  act as a vehicle for micronutrient
  supplementation
• Processed cereals (corn and wheat soy blends,
  wheat flour, soy-fortified cereals) fortified
  with vitamin and mineral premixes (A, B-12, C, D,
  E, folic acid, niacin, pantothenic acid,
  pryidoxine, riboflavin, thiamin, calcium, iodine,
  iron, phosphorous, sodium, and zinc)
• Vegetable oil fortified with vitamin A.

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Improving the design of food components of MCHN
programs

• Principal design recommendations include
  Universal targeting of children under two plus
  pregnant/lactating women
• Ration size based on family calorie deficit

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Other Development Activities

• Water and Sanitation
• Food for Education
• Microenterprise
• Agriculture and Natural resources
• General Relief
• Disaster Mitigation and Response

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Potential Applications of Food Aid to Address
HIV/AIDS
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Potential Role of Food Assistance
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Responses to Household Food Shortages
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Food Secure Fragile Failing Failed
Designation of Country/region
Vulnerability Hazard (risk) - Coping ability
SOCIAL

• Sources of Risk
• Political
• Economic
• Social/Health
• Natural/Production

ECONOMIC
POLITICAL
From Patrick Webb, FANTA/FFP 2003
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Concerns about dependency
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Concerns about creating disincentives to local
production

• Provide value-added, blended and fortified
  products that are not produced locally
• But, ideally commodity should eventually be
  replaceable with local products for weaning
  recipes
• Provide micronutrients usually deficient and not
  available through locally produced products
• Commodity should represent a cash need of the
  households
• Food for work activities seasonality of
  production into account
• Also to avoid competing with local labor needs
• Monitor prices in local markets
• Increased number of emergencies competing for
  limited resources