Trade Facilitation, the WTO, and Development: An Overview ?????????? ????????, ??? ? ????????: ?????

1
Trade Facilitation, the WTO, and Development An
Overview?????????? ????????, ??? ? ????????
?????
John S. Wilson, The World BankTsunehiro Otsuki,
Osaka University???? ?. ??????, ?????????
???????????? ?????, ???????? ???????????
2
Key Issues for Discussion???????? ???? ???
??????????

• Definition and scope of trade facilitation /
  ??????? ?????????? ???????? ? ???????? ??????
  ??????????
• Benefits of trade facilitation / ?????? ??
  ?????????? ????????
• The role of the WTO / ???? ???
• Obstacles facing developing countries in
  implementing reforms / ???????????, ? ????????
  ???????????? ????????????? ?????? ??? ??????????
  ??????
• Designing strategies for reforms / ?????????
  ????????? ??????

3
Key Questions ???????? ???????

• 1. What are the key WTO disciplines related to
  trade facilitation agenda? / ????? ????????
  ?????????? ??? ????? ????????? ? ?????????
  ?????????? ?????????
• 2. What are the major constraints confronting
  developing countries in implementing the WTO
  agreements in trade facilitation? / ?????
  ???????? ??????? ?????? ????????????? ???????
  ????????? ? ????? ?????????? ??? ?? ??????????
  ?????????
• 3. What are advantages and disadvantages of
  making uniform applications of rules on trade
  facilitation? / ?????? ??????????? ? ??????????
  ???????, ?????????????????? ?????????????
  ?????????? ?????? ?????????? ?????????
• 4. How can the WTO agreements in trade
  facilitation reflect development needs? / ?????
  ??????? ?????????? ??? ?? ?????????? ????????
  ????? ?? ???????? ?????? ?????????
• 5. What area of trade facilitation should be
  given priority in the light of feasibility and
  cost effectiveness? / ????? ??????? ??????????
  ???????? ??????? ???????? ???????????? ? ?????
  ?????? ???????????? ???????????? ????? ?
  ????????????? ??????????????

4
What is Trade Facilitation???? ????? ??????????
?????????

• A narrow sense / ? ????? ??????
• A reduction/streamlining of the logistics of
  moving goods through ports or the documentation
  requirements at a customs post at the border /
  ??????????/??????????? ????????, ????????? ?
  ???????????? ??????? ????? ?????, ? ??????????
  ??????? ????????????, ?????????? ????????????? ?
  ??????? ??????????? ? ???????????? ????????
• A broad sense / ? ??????? ??????
• The above plus, improvement in domestic
  regulatory environment and institutions
  associated with trade / ??? ??????????????, ????
  ????????????????? ???????????? ???????????? ????
  ? ??????????, ??????? ????????? ? ????????

5
Background????? ??????????

• High trade logistics costs / ??????? ??????? ??
  ??????????? ????????
• Trade costs associated with transportation
  charges, documentation requirements and delay in
  clearance are becoming important / ????????
  ????????, ????????? ?? ?????????? ?????????,
  ???????????? ? ???????????? ? ?????????? ???
  ??????????? ?????????? ???????, ??????????
  ?????????????
• Globalization / ????????????
• Ability of countries to deliver goods and
  services in time and at low costs is a key
  determinant of their participation in the global
  economy / ??????????? ????? ?????????? ?????? ?
  ?????? ???????????? ? ? ???????????? ??????????
  ???????? ??????? ???????? ?? ??????? ? ??????????
  ?????????

6
Background????? ??????????
7
Background????? ??????????

• Trade facilitation as an engine of growth /
  ?????????? ???????? ??? ?????? ?????

Trade Facilitation / ?????????? ????????
Economic Growth / ????????????? ????
Trade Expansion / ?????????? ????????
8
Background????? ??????????
9
Background????? ??????????

• Increasing demand for multilateral rule making
  and regional or plurilateral coordination
  regarding trade facilitation / ????????
  ??????????? ? ?????????? ????????? ?????? ?
  ???????????? ??? ???????????????? ??????????? ???
  ?? ?????????? ????????
• At the WTO / ? ?????? ????????? ????????
  ???????????
• One of the four Singapore issues / ???? ??
  ??????? ????????, ????????????? ? ?????????
• Doha development agenda / ????????? ????????,
  ???????????????? ? ????
• At the WCO / ? ?????? ????????? ??????????
  ???????????
• Kyoto Convention / ???????? ?????????

10
Background????? ??????????

• Limited progress in the WTO negotiation /
  ????????????? ??????????? ?????? ?? ??????????? ?
  ?????? ???
• No consensus made on modalities of negotiations
  at the Cancun Ministerial Meeting / ??????????
  ?????????? ?? ??????? ? ???????????? ????????????
  ?? ???????????? ??????????? ? ???????
• Limitation in capacity to implement trade
  facilitation measures / ???????? ???????????? ???
  ?????????? ??? ?????????? ????????
• Uncertainty about provision of technical
  assistance / ?????????? ??????? ? ??????? ?
  ?????????????? ??????????? ??????
• Inflexibility of agreements / ??????????
  ??????????

11
Outline??????

• Empirical evidence / ???????????? ??????
• Did trade facilitation work in reality? / ?????
  ?? ????? ???????????? ?????? ?? ??????????
  ?????????
• Trade facilitation agenda at the WTO / ??????????
  ???????? ? ????????? ???
• How does the WTO manage trade facilitation? / ???
  ??? ?????? ?????? ?????????? ?????????
• Developing countries concerns / ???????
  ????????????? ????????????? ?????
• Options to move forward on trade facilitation
  modalities / ?????????????? ??????? ? ???????????
  ????????? ? ??????? ? ??????? ?????????? ????????

12
Empirical Evidence???????????? ??????

• Transport costs / ???????????? ????????
• Transport cost barriers outweigh tariff barriers
  for 168 of 216 countries (World Bank 2002) /
  ???????, ????????? ?? ?????????? ?????????, ?????
  ???????????, ??? ???????? ???????, ? 168 ?? 216
  ????? (????????? ????, 2002 ?.)
• 1 reduction in the fees could increase Asian GDP
  by 3.3 billion (UNCTAD 2001) / ???????? ????????
  ?? 1 ???????? ?????????? ??????? ??? ???? ?? 3.3
  ????????? ???????? ??? (??????, 2001 ?.)

13
Empirical Evidence???????????? ??????

• Customs modernization / ???????????? ??????????
  ??????
• Switching to electronic documentation save 1.5 to
  15 of landed cost of the imported items.
  (Australian Department of Foreign Affairs and
  Trade and Chinese Ministry of Foreign Trade and
  Economic Cooperation 2001) / ??????? ??
  ??????????? ??????????????? ???????? ???????
  ????????? ????????? ???????, ??????????? ? ?????
  ??????????, ?? 1.5-15 (???????????? ???????????
  ??? ? ??????? ???????? ????????? ? ????????????
  ??????? ???????? ? ?????????????? ??????????????
  ?????, 2001 ?.)
• Standards harmonization for e-business and
  automating customs procedures between Japan and
  Singapore increase trade flows between the two
  countries and trade with the rest of the world
  (Hertel, Walmsley and Itakura 2001) /
  ???????????? ?????????? ???????????? ??????? ?
  ????????????? ?????????? ???????? ?????? ?
  ????????? ???????????? ?????????? ???????
  ???????? ???? ???? ????? ????? ????? ? ?
  ????????? ?????? (??????, ?????? ? ???????, 2001
  ?.)

14
Empirical Evidence ???????????? ??????

• Customs corruption / ????????? ?? ???????
• The introduction of electronic data interchange
  (EDI) system in Chilean customs led to saving of
  over 1 million per month for a system cost of 5
  million (WTO, 2000) / ????????? ?? ?????????
  ??????? ??????? ???????????? ?????? ???????
  ?????????? ??????????? ???????? ????? 1 ????????
  ???????? ??? ??? ????????? ????? ??????? 5
  ????????? (???, 2000 ?.)

15
Empirical Evidence ???????????? ??????

• Time cost / ????????? ???????
• One day less in delivery times-by reducing delay
  in ports and customs- reduces landed costs of
  goods around the world by 0.5 (Hummels 2001) /
  ?????????? ?????? ???????? ?? ???? ???? ?????
  ?????????? ???????? ? ?????? ? ?? ????????
  ???????? ??????? ????????? ????????????? ???????
  ?? ???? ???? ?? 0.5 (???????, 2001 ?.)
• 1 day less in the trading time will save 240
  billion annually in developing countries (Hummels
  2001) / ?????????? ????????????????? ????????
  ???????? ?? 1 ???? ???????? ??????????
  ????????????? ??????? ????????? ???????? ?
  ??????? 240 ?????????? ???????? ??? (???????,
  2001 ?.)

16
Empirical Evidence ???????????? ??????

• Multi-dimensional capacity building / ???????????
  ??????????? ??????????
• Trade facilitation defined in four dimensions
  (Wilson, Mann and Otsuki 2004) / ??????????
  ????????, ??????????? ?? ??????? ??????????
  (??????, ???? ? ?????, 2004 ?.)
• Port efficiency / ????????????? ??????
• Customs environment / ????????? ?????????? ??????
• Regulatory environment / ????????? ????????????
  ????
• Service sector infrastructure / ??????????????
  ????????????

17
Benefit of Capacity Building in Trade
Facilitation / ?????? ?? ??????????? ??????????
?????????? ????????
18
Trade Facilitation Agenda in the WTO ??????????
???????? ? ????????? ???

• One of the four Singapore issues / ???? ??
  ??????? ????????, ????????????? ? ?????????
• Reflected in three GATT Articles / ??????? ? ????
  ??????? ????
• V (Freedom of transit / ??????? ???????????
  ????????????)
• VIII (Fees and formalities related to importation
  and exportation / ????????-?????????? ??????? ?
  ?????????)
• X (Publication and administration of trade
  regulations / ????????????? ? ?????????????
  ?????? ????????)
• Doha Development Agenda / ????????? ????????,
  ???????????????? ? ????

19
General Trade Principles Reflected in GATT
Articles ????? ???????? ????????, ???????????? ?
??????? ????

• Transparency / ????????????
• Predictability / ???????????????
• Due process / ???????????? ????????
• Non discrimination / ??????????? ?????????????
• Simplification / ?????????
• Avoidance of unnecessary restrictions to trade /
  ????????? ?????????? ???????? ???????????

20
Doha Development Agenda????????? ????????,
???????????????? ? ????

• Importance of implementation capacity of
  developing and least-developed countries /
  ???????? ??????????? ????????????? ??????????
  ????????????? ? ???????? ???????? ?????
• Use of special and differential treatment to
  achieve trade expansion goals / ??????????
  ??????????? ? ?????????????????? ??????? ????
  ?????????? ????? ?????????? ????????

21
Developing Country Concerns??????? ?????????????
????????????? ?????

• Cost of implementation / ????????? ??????????
• Improved technologies and institutions required
  for customs reforms / ?????????????????
  ?????????? ? ??????????, ??????????? ???
  ?????????????? ?????????? ??????
• Institutional changes and costs related to
  dispute settlement cases / ?????????????????
  ????????? ? ????????, ????????? ? ???????????
  ??????

22
Developing Country Concerns??????? ?????????????
????????????? ?????

• Institutional improvement / ?????????????????
  ??????????
• Appropriateness of enforcing institutional
  improvements through rulemaking /
  ???????????????? ?????????????? ???????????? ??
  ????????????????? ?????????? ? ??????? ????????
  ??????????????? ??????
• Technical assistance / ??????????? ??????
• Uncertainty about the actual delivery of promised
  technical assistance to help countries implement
  these arrangements / ?????????? ???????
  ???????????? ????????? ?????????????? ???????
  ????????? ??????????? ?????? ? ??????????
  ??????????? ???????????????

23
Options to Move Forward on Trade Facilitation
Modalities ?????????????? ??????? ? ???????????
????????? ? ??????? ? ??????? ?????????? ????????

• The importance of negotiations focused on the
  GATT Articles / ???????? ?????????? ???????????
  ?? ??????? ????
• Taking into account limited implementation
  capacity A Trade Facilitation Program / ????????
  ?? ???????? ???????????? ????????????
  ???????????? ?????????? ????????? ??????????
  ????????
• Commitments for technical assistance and capacity
  building for trade facilitation / ?????????????
  ?? ???????? ??????????? ?????? ? ????????????
  ?????????? ?????????? ????????
• Dispute Settlement Options / ??????? ? ??????????
  ??????
• Multilateral vs. Plurilateral Approach /
  ?????????????? ? ???????????????? ??????
• Coordination with regional integration
  initiatives / ??????????????? ? ???????????
  ???????????? ??????????

24
Scope of Negotiations??????? ???????????

• A focused agenda on the three GATT articles, not
  an expansive agenda / ? ?????? ???????? ??????
  ???? ??? ?????? ????, ? ?? ??????? ???? ????????

25
A Trade Facilitation Program????????? ??????????
????????

• Consideration of specific circumstances, needs,
  and capacities of individual countries / ????????
  ?? ???????? ?????????? ?????????????, ???? ?
  ???????????? ?????????? ?????
• Allowing flexibility in disciplines to be applied
  / ???????? ?????????, ?????????? ??????????
• Making Consistency with domestic development
  priorities / ???????????? ?????????????? ???????
  ????????????? ????????

26
Technical Assistance and Capacity
Building??????????? ?????? ? ????????????
???????????? ??????????

• Support for existing programs in the WCO, the
  UNCTAD, the World Bank, and regional development
  banks / ????????? ??????????? ???????? ?????????
  ?????????? ????????????, ??????, ????????? ??????
  ? ????????????? ??????? ????????
• Kyoto Convention / ???????? ?????????
• Automated System for Customs Data and Management
  (ASYCUDA) , etc. / ?????????????????? ??????????
  ??????? ????????? ?????? ? ?????????? ASYCUDA ?
  ?.?.

27
Dispute Settlement Options??????? ? ??????????
??????

• Compulsory dispute settlement for countries above
  a certain level of development (in case of not
  meeting the obligations) / ????????????
  ?????????? ?????? ??? ?????, ?????????
  ????????????? ?????? ???????? (? ??????
  ???????????? ????????????)
• Exemption granted to countries below that level /
  ?????????????? ????? ???????, ?? ????????? ?????
  ??????

28
Other Options?????? ???????????

• Multilateral vs. Plurilateral Approach /
  ?????????????? ? ???????????????? ??????
• Coordination with regional integration
  initiatives / ??????????????? ? ???????????
  ???????????? ??????????

29
Conclusions??????

• Trade facilitation likely contributes to a
  long-term growth / ?????????? ????????
  ???????????? ????????????? ?????
• Collective actions needed / ??????????
  ???????????? ??????
• Uniform application of multilateral agreements
  complemented by capacity building and technical
  assistance / ????????????? ?????????? ?????????
  ?????????????? ?????????? ? ????????? ?
  ????????????? ?????????? ? ??????????? ???????
• Flexibility to be given according to levels of
  development and development goals / ??????????
  ????????, ??????????? ????????? ??????? ?
  ?????????????? ?????? ????????
• A step-by-step building block approach from core
  principles towards expanded ones / ?????????
  ????????? ??????, ??????????? ?????? ??????????
  ?? ?????????? ???????? ????????? ? ???????
  ???????????? ????? ?????