BASIC FIRST AID

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BASIC FIRST AID
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FIRST AID
First Aid is the initial assistance or treatment
given to the injured or suddenly ill person
before the arrival of an ambulance, doctor, or
other qualified person
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In a Terrorist Attack

• Stay calm, follow instructions from safety
  personnel
• Be ready for another attack
• Do not spread rumors
• Be alert

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Goals of First Aid
- To preserve life. - To limit the effects of the
condition. - To promote recovery.
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Being a First Aider

• Doing your best
• Weighing up the risks
• Worst thing to do is nothing

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SAFETY

• Once an emergency has occurred you need to ensure
  the safety of
• Yourself
• Bystanders
• Casualties

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Action
1. Assess the situation -Find out what has
happened quickly and calmly - Look for
dangers - Never put yourself at risk 2. Make
the area safe - Protect the person from
danger - Do not try to do too much
yourself 3. Assess all victims and give emergency
aid 4. Get help

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Ensure it is safe
Approach carefully
Begin to help
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Telephone for Help

• short but accurate
• your telephone number
• the exact location of the incident
• the type of incident

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How you can help

• casualties with minor injuries should be moved
  first

• casualties who are obviously dead should be
  passed over, therefore help can be given to those
  who need it

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How you can help

• all those involved should be logged, and
  casualties tagged, so that accurate records can
  be made and maintained
• alerted residents/workers near the site
• any forensic evidence should be carefully
  preserved

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Primary survey ABCHs Airway - for an
unconscious victim open airway Breathing -
look, listen and feel Circulation - check for
any sign of circulation Hemorrhage - check
for severe bleeding spinal cord injury -
checking for a possible
spinal cord damage
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HEAD INJURY
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Skull Fracture/Head Injury
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CAUSES
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SYMPTOMS

• HEADACHES
• FATIQUE
• DIZZINESS
• VISION PROBLEMS
• RINGING IN THE EARS
• POOR CONCENTRATION

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First aid 1. Check A B C CPR if necessary 2.
Stabilize head and neck if the victim must be
moved 3. Carefully check site of injury 4. If
bleeding, apply firm pressure 5. If blood soaks
through, apply additional cloth on top and
continue apply pressure 6. If the victim is
vomiting, stabilize head and neck and carefully
turn him to the side to prevent choking.
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SPINAL CORD INJURY
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causes

• Rear-end collisions
• Other types of car accidents
• A sport injury
• Shaken baby syndrome

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SYMPTOMS

• PAIN IN THE SHOULDERS
• PAIN IN ONE OR BOTH ARMS
• FATIQUE
• NECK PAIN/STIFFNESS
• LOW BACK PAIN
• LOST OF MOTION

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Check for consciousness
Steady the head
Log roll
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Spinal cord injury

• Prevent further injury
• Arrange urgent transfer to the hospital

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BLEEDING
Bleeding
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First Aid for Bleeding

• Control the bleeding rest, elevate wound limb,
  direct pressure on wound

• Prevent shock

• Minimize risk of infection

• Self protection

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Applying a tourniquet is a desperate move
Only for the most dire emergencies where the
choice between life and limb must be made
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OBJECT IMPALED
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BODY PART GETS CUT OFF
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• WRAP THE PART WITH CLEAN CLOTH
• PLACE IT IN THE CLEAN PLASTIC BAG
• PLACE THE BAG INSIDE THE ICE BAG

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BROKEN BONES
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Injured tissue with bleeding and blood vessels
damage
Ice pack is applied, blood vessels contract and
nerve ending are deadened, relieving pain
Heat causes blood vessels to dilate with
increased sensitivity to nerve endings
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SOFT TISSUE INJURIES

• REST -AVOID ANY MOVEMENTS WHICH CAUSE PAIN,
  PLACE THE PATIENT INTO THE MOST COMFORTABLE
  POSITION
• ICE -COLD HELPS REDUCE SWELLING, ERASE PAIN
• COMPRESSION APPLY A FIRM SUPPORTING BANDAGE TO
  GIVE AND EVEN PRESSURE OVER THE INJURED AREA
• ELEVATION HELPS SLOW DOWN THE FLOW OF BLOOD,
  REDUCE SWELLING

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• Symptoms
• Patient heard bone snap
• Deformity/pain at the site
• Impaired movement of limb

• Action
• Do not move
• Find comfortable position
• Control bleeding if present

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Burns destroy skin, which controls the amount of
heat our bodies retain or release, hold in
fluids, and protect us from infection.
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NEED EMERGENCY MEDICAL ASSISTANCE

• FACE
• HANDS
• FEET
• GENITALIA

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First Aid for Scalds

• removing clothing quickly (clothes hold in heat)
• apply cold water (approx. over 10 mins, cooling
  prevent the heat from burning into the deeper
  layers)
• remove anything tight (heat cause the
  skin/tissue to swell)
• cover the scald (clean , damp cloth)
• take the casualty to doctor/hospital (if the
  skin broken or other than a small scald)

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• ELECTRICAL INJURY low voltage current
• break the contact, switching off the current

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• High voltage current
• call for help
• do not approach until power has been cut off
• keep by stander away

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WATER RESCUES
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WATER RESCUES

• reach - brace yourself firmly
• throw - aim the device beyond the victim,
  within reach
• row
• go

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REACH - brace yourself firmly
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Throw aim the device beyond the victim, within
reach
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ROW
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SNAKE BITES
Venom properties Hematoxic affects the
blood, destroy tissue and is very painful
Neurotoxic affects the nervous system and
brain, shut down respiratory system
Myotoxic affects the muscular system
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LIFTING MOVING CASUALTIES
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Cardio Pulmonary Resuscitation
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CAUSE OF SUDDEN DEATH

• Cardiac arrest

• Respiratory arrest

• Shock

• Allergies

• Stroke

• Trauma

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CORONARY ARTERY HEART DISEASE
RISK FACTORS

• CIGARETTE SMOKING
• HIGH BLOOD PRESSURE
• HIGH BLOOD CHOLESTEROL LEVEL

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HEART ATTACK



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Check for consciousness
Call for help
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PRINCIPLE OF CPR

• AIRWAY - HEAD TILT, CHIN LIFT
• BREATHING - LOOK, LISTEN, FEEL
• CIRCULATION - WHETHER THERE

IS ANY PULSE
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Open the airway
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Look, Listen and Feel
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Breathing give 2 slow breaths 1-2 secs apart
Check for circulation or signs of consciousness
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Hand on top of hand on the chest
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Straight arms, use heel of hand
30 chest compressions rate 100/min
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Pushing down 1.5 - 2 inches
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One rescuer 30 chest compressions and 2 slow
breaths for 1 min (4 cycle)
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Place on recovery position to prevent airway
obstruction
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Choking Adult with foreign boy obstruction
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Pregnancy
Press down on sternum
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Choking child 1-8 yrs

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CPR for Child
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Child 1-8 years - check for responsiveness -
airway, breathing, circulation - chest
compression with one hand on lower half of the
sternum - push down 1- 1.5 inches rate gt
100/min - 30 chest compressions and 2 slow breaths
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Choking Infant under 1 year old
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• 2 fingers press on the lower half of the sternum
• Push down 0.5 - 1 inch rate gt 100/min
• 30 chest compressions, 2 slow breaths
• check for responsiveness after 2 mins.

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THANK YOU