Lecture 2: Rephrasing 911

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Lecture 2 Rephrasing 911 Terrorism

• SOSC 200t the Post-911 World Order
• Simon Shen
• 7th February 2003 (Friday)

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Administrative Announcements

• Quota
• Sessions
• Class Practice
• Special Announcements
• Course Requirements

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Structure of Lecture 2

• Definition of Terrorism/ Precedent Cases
• Pre-911 Terrorism against USA
• America Under Attack
• America Fight Back

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PART ITerrorism Evolution on its Definitions in
History
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Historical Definition

• All criminal acts directed against a State and
  intended or calculated to create a state of
  terror in the minds of particular persons or a
  group of persons or the general public
• -- League of Nations (1937)
• Emphasis (1) Terror (2) Against State
• Political Assassination
• Genocide

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Ancient Terrorism

• Political Assassinations
• Assassins of Mountains
• Shite Islam
• Genocide
• Spanish Acquisition Vs Inca Empire
• Nazi Germanys Final Solution to the Jews
• I Kill you because I want to kill you!

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Cold War Definition (I)

• Terrorism is an anxiety-inspiring method of
  repeated violent action, employed by (semi-)
  clandestine individual, group or state actors,
  for idiosyncratic, criminal or political reasons,
  whereby - in contrast to assassination - the
  direct targets of violence are not the main
  targets.
• Threat- and violence-based communication
  processes between terrorist (organization),
  (imperilled) victims, and main targets are used
  to manipulate the main target (audience(s)),
  turning it into a target of terror, a target of
  demands, or a target of attention, depending on
  whether intimidation, coercion, or propaganda is
  primarily sought.

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Cold War Definition (II)

• The immediate human victims of violence are
  generally chosen randomly (targets of
  opportunity) or selectively (representative or
  symbolic targets) from a target population, and
  serve as message generators.
• -- Schmid (1988)
• Academic Consensus Terrorism as a Messenger
• I kill you NOT because I want to kill you

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Cold War Terrorism

• Irish Republican Army (IRA)
• Basque Fatherland and Liberty (ETA)

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Bushs Definition

• The term "terrorism" means an activity that --
• (i) involves a violent act or an act dangerous
  to human life, property, or infrastructure and
• (ii) appears to be intended --
•          (A) to intimidate or coerce a civilian
  population
•          (B) to influence the policy of a
  government by intimidation or coercion or
•          (C) to affect the conduct of a
  government by mass destruction,
  assassination, kidnapping, or
  hostage-taking.
• -- Executive Order on Terrorist Financing(24th
  September, 2001)

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Bushs Terrorism

• Against Civilian People (instead of against the
  whole State)
• Mass Destruction Weapons
• (MDW)
• Iraq
• Asymmetrical Warfare
• Al-Qaeda
• Aum Shinrikya Sect of Japan

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Summary of the Evolution

• Against state leaders and the people of the whole
  state (e.g. Nazi)?
• Against a small number of random people of a
  state to spread political messages with specific
  concerns (e.g. IRA) ?
• Against a large number of civilians to spread
  messages that are not easy to be interpreted
  (e.g. 911)
• Terrorism You can have your own definition!
• The No Smoking Analogy

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Assigned Readings

• Main Text
• United Nations Office of Drugs and Crime.
  Definition of Terrorism http//www.undcp.org/odc
  cp/terrorism_definitions.html
• Supplementary Text
• James Hoge and Gideon Rose. Introduction. (HR
  P.ix-xiv)

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PART IIPre-911 Terrorist Attack against USA
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The Neglected Messages

• 1979 Assassination of President Sadat
• 1993 WTC I the Somalian Murders
• 1995 KSA Car Bombing I (Riyadh)
• 1996 KSA Car Bombing II (Khobar)

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Crescendo Against USA

• 1998 The East African Bombings
• 2000 The Millennium LAX Warning
• 2001 The Independence Day Warning

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PART IIIAmerica Under Attack
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September 11th, 2001

• The World Trade Center Atrocity (WTC II)
• The Pentagon Attack A Different Nature
• The 93 Heroes

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After September 11th, 2001

• The Anthrax Attack
• Chain Effects
• Israel
• India
• Indonesia
• Russia

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PART IVAmerica Fights Back
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Stage I Coalition Building
(Sept-Oct 2001)

• Traditional Allies
• Untraditional Allies
• Sympathy is not Enough Iran, Iraq, Afghanistan

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Stage 2 War Against Afghanistan (Oct-Dec 2001)

• Osama Bin Laden
• The Taliban Regime
• Symbiotic Relationship Vs
• Involuntary Relationship

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Stage 3 Consolidation of Pax Americana (2002)

• International Consolidation
• Internal Consolidation
• Philosophical Consolidation

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Stage 4 War Against Iraq? (2003)

• Patron of Terrorism
• Development of Mass Destructive Weapons
• Violation of Human Rights
• Evil Empire
• Family Rival of the Bushes

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Conclusion

• I cant understand why the great Americans can
  be such hated.
• I cant understand why they hate us so much
• George W. Bush

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The End
Thank you for attending