Nervous System

1
Nervous System

• Basic Structure
• 1. Central Nervous System (CNS)
• - Brain
• - Spinal Cord nerves that run up and down the
  length of the back transmit most messages
  between the body and the brain

2
Nervous System

• Basic Structure
• 2. Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)
• Smaller branches of nerves that reach other parts
  of the body
• Take information from organs to CNS and back to
  the organs

3
Nervous System

• Neurons
• Long, thin cells of nerve tissue along which
  messages travel to and from the brain
• Chemical, electrical signals travel down neurons
  at full speed when stimulated

4
Nervous System

• Four Parts of Neurons
• Cell Body contains nucleus and produces energy
  to fuel neuron activity

5
Nervous System

• Four Parts of Neurons
• Dendrites short, thin fibers that stick out
  from the cell body
• - receive impulses (messages) from other neurons
  and sends them to the cell body

6
Nervous System

• Four Parts of Neurons
• 3. Axon long fiber that carries impulses from
  the cell body toward dendrites of the next neuron
• - insulated and protected by a myelin sheath

7
Nervous System

• Four Parts of Neurons
• 4. Axon terminals small fibers that branch out
  at the end of an axon

8
Nervous System

• Synapse
• Gap between individual nerve cells

9
Nervous System

• Neurotransmitters
• Chemicals released by neurons which
• determine the rate at which other
• neurons fire

10
Nervous System

• Neurotransmitters (examples)
• Norepinephrine memory and learning
• Endorphin inhibits pain
• Dopamine learning, emotional arousal and
  movement

11
Nervous System

• Voluntary and Involuntary Activities
• Somatic Nervous System part of the peripheral
  nervous system that controls voluntary activities
  (lifting a hand, turning a page, etc.)

12
Nervous System

• Voluntary and Involuntary Activities
• Autonomic Nervous System (ANS) part of the
  peripheral nervous system that controls internal,
  biological functions (heartbeat, digestion, etc.)

13
The Brain Group Activity

• In groups of 3-5, take a part of the brain (pick
  a card)
• Read Chapter 6, Section 2 about the part
• Create an annotated illustration to present to
  the class (I have paper)
• Include the function of the part and how it
  interacts with other parts of the body
• Can use drawings, signs, and props to aid the
  presentation

14
Parts of the Brain

• Hindbrain
• Cerebellum posture, balance, voluntary
  movements
• Medulla breathing, heart rate, reflexes
• Pons bridge between spinal cord and brain and
  produces chemicals needed for sleep

15
Parts of the Brain

• Midbrain
• Integrates sensory information and relays it
  upward
• Along with the medulla and pons it composes most
  of the brain stem
• RAS (reticular activating system) alerts brain
  to incoming signals and involved in the
  sleep/wake cycle

16
Parts of the Brain

• Forebrain
• Thalamus integrates sensory input (except for
  smell)
• Hypothalamus controls hunger, thirst, and
  sexual behavior, and reactions to changes in
  temperature

17
Parts of the Brain

• Forebrain
• Cerebral Cortex Cerebrum gives ability to
  learn and store information and have future
  thoughts
• Limbic System regulates emotions and
  motivations (hypothalamus, amygdale, thalamus,
  hippocampus)

18
Parts of the Brain

• Cerebrum is in two halves (hemispheres)
• Hemispheres connected with fibers called the
  corpus callosum
• Each hemisphere has lobes
• Occipital lobe vision
• Parietal lobe senses from all of body
• Temporal lobe hearing, memory, emotion,
  speaking
• Frontal lobe organization, planning, creative
  thinking

19
Parts of the Brain

• Left and Right Hemispheres
• Mirror images (roughly) of each other
• Corpus callosum carries messages between them

20
Parts of the Brain

• Left hemisphere controls movements of right
  side of body
• Speech, math, calculation, logic

21
Parts of the Brain

• Right hemisphere controls left side of body
• Visual/spatial relations, patterns, music, art,
  creativity, intuition

22
Homework

• Get online and look up left and right brain
  test
• Take one or more of the free online tests
• Cut and paste the results if you can
• Put results together on paper
• Describe whether you agree or disagree and why
• This is due Monday, October 20th.