The Jovian Planets

About This Presentation

Title:

The Jovian Planets

Description:

none – PowerPoint PPT presentation

Number of Views:90

Avg rating:3.0/5.0

Slides: 69

Provided by: MarkusBo4

Category:

more less

Transcript and Presenter's Notes

Title: The Jovian Planets

1
The Jovian Planets
0

Please pick up your transmitter and swipe your
student ID.

2
The Jovian Planets (Gas Giants)
Animation 1
0
Animation 2
Saturn
Jupiter
Neptune
Uranus
No well-defined surface!
3
Interior Structure
0
4
The Chemical Compositionof Jupiter and Saturn
0
5
Jupiter
0
Largest and most massive planet in the solar
system
Contains almost ¾ of all planetary matter in the
solar system.
Most striking features visible from Earth
Multi-colored cloud belts
Explored in detail by several space probes
Visual image
Pioneer 10, Pioneer 11, Voyager 1, Voyager 2,
Galileo
Infrared false-color image
6
The Great Red Spot
0
Has been visible for over 300 years
Giant storm system similar to Hurricanes on
Earth Wind speeds of 430 km/h ( 270 miles/h)
Changes appearance gradually over time
8-year sequence of images of the Great Red Spot
on Jupiter
7
Jupiters Rotation
0
Jupiter is the most rapidly rotating planet in
the solar system
Rotation period slightly less than 10 hr.
8
Considering the rapid rotation of Jupiter, would
you expect it to be perfectly round?

Yes.
No, it should be oblate.
No, it should be prolate.

Yes The atmosphere contains many greenhouse
gases.
No, because of the dense cloud cover that
reflects most of the sunlight.
No, because theres no surface to absorb visible
light and re-emit in infrared.
Both 2. and 3. are correct.

Sun spots.
Prominences.
Granulation (sub-photospheric convection).
Solar wind.
Coronal Mass Ejections.

Its thick cloud belts.
A large liquid iron core.
A large solid iron core.
A large region of metallic hydrogen.
Its rapid rotation.

Stronger.
About the same as on Earth.
Weaker.

Formed from cold gas in the outer solar nebula,
where ices were able to condense.

In the interior, hydrogen becomes metallic (very
good electrical conductor)

Rapid rotation ? strong magnetic field

Rapid growth

Rapid rotation and large size ? belt-zone cloud
pattern

Soon able to trap gas directly through gravity

Heavy materials sink to the center

Dust from meteorite impacts onto inner moons
trapped to form ring

23
Jupiters Ring
0
Not only Saturn, but all four gas giants have
rings.
Jupiters ring dark and reddish only discovered
by Voyager 1 spacecraft.
Galileo spacecraft image of Jupiters ring,
illuminated from behind
Composed of microscopic particles of rocky
material
Location Inside Roche limit, where larger bodies
(moons) would be destroyed by tidal forces.
24
Who discovered the largest moons of Jupiter?

Ptolemy
Galilei
Copernicus
Kepler
Newton

It will get gradually colder.
It will get gradually warmer.
None of the above.

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40
41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60
61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80
81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 100
101 102 103 104 105 106 107 108 109 110 111 112 113 114 115 116
27
Jupiters Influence on its Moons
0
Presence of Jupiter has at least two effects on
geology of its moons
2. Focusing of meteoroids, exposing nearby
satellites to more impacts than those further out.
1. Tidal effects possible source of heat for
interior of Ganymede
28
Io Bursting Energy
0
Most active of all Galilean moons no impact
craters visible at all.
Over 100 active volcanoes!
Activity powered by tidal interactions with
Jupiter.
Interior is mostly rock.
29
Interactions with Jupiters Magnetosphere
0
Ios volcanoes blow out sulfur-rich gases
? tenuous atmosphere, but gases can not be
retained by Ios gravity
? gases escape from Io and form an ion torus in
Jupiters magnetosphere.
? Aurorae on Jupiter are fueled by particles from
Io
30
Europa A Hidden Ocean
0
composition mostly rock and metal icy surface.
Close to Jupiter ? should be hit by many
meteoroid impacts but few craters visible.
? Active surface impact craters rapidly erased.
31
The Surface of Europa
0
Cracked surface and high albedo (reflectivity)
provide further evidence for geological activity.
32
The Interior of Europa
0
Europa is too small to retain its internal heat ?
Heating mostly from tidal interaction with
Jupiter.
Europa has a liquid water ocean 15 km below the
icy surface.
33
Would there, in principle, be life possible in
the sub-surface ocean of Europa?

Yes.
No, because theres no light which is necessary
for plant life.
No, because its too cold.
No, because its too warm.

Rocky core

Ice-rich mantle

Crust of ice

1/3 of surface old, dark, cratered
rest bright, young, grooved terrain
Bright terrain probably formed through flooding
when surface broke
35
Callisto The Ancient Face
0
Tidally locked to Jupiter, like all of Jupiters
moons.
composition mixture of ice and rocks
Dark surface, heavily pocked with craters.
No metallic core Callisto never differentiated
to form core and mantle.
? No magnetic field.
Layer of liquid water, 10 km thick, 100 km
below surface, probably heated by radioactive
decay.
36
Saturn
0
2nd largest planet about 16 smaller than
Jupiter.
1/3 of Jupiters mass density less than water
Saturn would float in water!!
Rare, isolated storm systems.
Rotates about as fast as Jupiter, but is twice as
oblate ? No large core of heavy elements.
Atmospheric cloud structures similar to
Jupiters, but less obvious.
37
Saturn
0
Please press 1 to check your transmitter.
1/3 of Jupiters mass density less than water
Saturn would float in water!!
2nd largest planet about 16 smaller than
Jupiter.
Rare, isolated storm systems.
Rotates about as fast as Jupiter, but is twice as
oblate ? No large core of heavy elements.
Atmospheric cloud structures similar to
Jupiters, but less obvious.
38
Saturns Atmosphere
0
Three-layered cloud structure, just like on
Jupiter
Main difference to Jupiter
Fewer wind zones, but much stronger winds than on
Jupiter
Winds up to 500 m/s near the equator!
39
Saturns Magnetosphere
0
Magnetic field 20 times weaker than Jupiters
Aurorae centered around poles
40
Saturns Rings
0
Consisting of ice particles, from microscopic to
several meters in size.
Several sub-divisions
C-ring
B-ring
Cassini Division
A-ring
41
Why did the material in Saturns rings not clump
together to form another moon of Saturn?

It was too cold to melt and clump together to
form a moon.
It is mostly ice, which doesnt stick together.
Tidal forces of the nearby planet kept pulling
rocks apart.
It is too far away from Saturn, so it is not
gravitationally bound to the planet.

Nothing special.
It will be destroyed by tidal forces.
It will gradually be pushed inward and fall onto
Saturn.
It will gradually be pulled outward, away from
Saturn.

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40
41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60
61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80
81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 100
101 102 103 104 105 106 107 108 109 110 111 112 113 114 115 116
44
Divisions and Resonances
0
Moons do not only serve as Shepherds.
Where the orbital period of a moon is a
small-number fractional multiple (e.g., 23) of
the orbital period of material in the disk
(resonance), the material is cleared out
? Divisions
45
The Moons of Saturn
0
Largest moon Titan The only moon in the solar
system with an atmosphere
Mostly Nitrogen, but also traces of organic
compounds like Methane and Ethane
46
Uranus
0
Discovered in 1781
4 times larger than Earth (in radius)
14.5 times the mass of Earth
Faint rings, indirectly detected through
occultations
Rotation axis inclined by 970 against the orbital
axis Uranus is rolling on its orbit
Hubble-Space-Telescope image (rings artificially
enhanced)
47
The Rings of Uranus
0
Rings of Uranus and Neptune are similar to
Jupiters rings.
Confined by shepherd moons consist of dark
material.
Rings of Uranus were discovered through
occultations of a background star
Apparent motion of star behind Uranus and rings
48
The Atmosphere of Uranus
0
Like other gas giants No surface.
Gradual transition from gas phase to fluid
interior.
Mostly H 15 He, a few Methane, ammonia and
water vapor.
Cloud structures only visible after artificial
computer enhancement of optical images taken from
Voyager spacecraft.
Optical view from Earth Blue color of methane
49
The Structure of Uranus Atmosphere
0
Only one layer of Methane clouds (in contrast to
3 cloud layers on Jupiter and Saturn).
Cloud layer is very deep in Uranus atmosphere.
Uranus cloud layer difficult to see because of
thick atmosphere above it.
50
The Interior of Uranus
0
Average density 1.29 g/cm3 ? larger portion of
rock and ice than Jupiter and Saturn.
Ices of water, methane, and ammonia, mixed with
hydrogen and silicates
51
Is the Earths magnetic north pole exactly in
line with the north pole of its rotation?

Yes.
No, the magnetic north pole is slightly offset
(in the direction of Canada).
No, it is substantially offset (near central
Europe).
No, it is completely independent of the rotation
The magnetic north pole is actually on the
Equator.

Yes, because their interiors should be very hot
due to tidal interactions with Uranus.
Yes, because their interiors should be very hot
due to radioactive decay of heavy elements.
Yes, because they might be heavily bombarded by
meteorites.
No, because they might be very cold and have a
very deep crust and solid mantle region.

Its the natural color of hydrogen in the
Neptunes atmosphere.
Its the natural color of methane in the
Neptunes atmosphere.
Its the natural color of ammonia in the
Neptunes atmosphere.
Because of large-angle scattering of sunlight
towards Earth (the same effect that makes our sky
appear blue).

Clockwise.
Counterclockwise.
All counterclockwise, except for Venus which
orbits clockwise.
Some clockwise, some counterclockwise. Theres no
preferred sense of orbital motion.
Planets are orbiting clockwise around the sun
moons are orbiting counterclockwise around their
planets.

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40
41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60
61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80
81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 100
101 102 103 104 105 106 107 108 109 110 111 112 113 114 115 116
62
The Moons of Neptune
0
Two moons (Triton and Nereid) visible from Earth
6 more discovered by Voyager 2
Unusual orbits
Triton Only satellite in the solar system
orbiting clockwise, i.e. backward.
Nereid Highly eccentric orbit very long orbital
period (359.4 d).
63
The Surface of Triton
0
Very low temperature (34.5 K)
? Triton can hold a tenuous atmosphere of
nitrogen and some methane 105 times less dense
than Earths atmosphere.
Surface composed of ices nitrogen, methane,
carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide.
Possibly cyclic nitrogen ice deposition and
re-vaporizing on Tritons south pole, similar to
CO2 ice polar cap cycles on Mars.
64
The Surface of Triton (II)
0
Ongoing surface activity Surface features
probably not more than 100 million years old.
Large basins might have been flooded multiple
times by liquids from the interior.
65
Pluto and Charon
0
Pluto discovered 1930
Average distance from the sun 40 AU
Orbit highly inclined against plane of the solar
system
Most eccentric planetary orbit in the solar
system part of orbit is inside Neptunes orbit!
Moon Charon about half the size of Pluto
occasional eclipses of Pluto and Charon
Size of Earth to scale
Hubble-Space-Telescope image
66
Would you think that Pluto and Charon have a
similar history as the four gas giants?

Yes, because they are in the same region of the
solar system.
Yes, because they are very similar in size and
composition to the gas giants.
Both 1. and 2. are true.
No, because they are very different in size and
composition from the gas giants.
No, because they have very unusual orbits.
Both 4. and 5. are true.