Microprocessor are made using thousands and billions of transistors

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CHAPTER 1

• INTRODUCTION

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Introduction

• Microprocessor are made using thousands and
  billions of transistors
• Intel 4004 was built in 1971 which makes it the
  first microprocessor being developed.
• Contains 2300 transistors
• Intel Pentium4 contains 55 millions transistors.

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Introduction

• Some common words in computers-
• Hardware electronic circuit board which
  normally contains-
• CPU central processing unit (the brain of the
  system)
• Memory stores programming and data (also the
  brain of the system)
• Input/Output device the flow of information
  (the ears, eyes, touch, speech, legs and hands of
  the system)

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Introduction

• Software control the system operation and
  facilitate
• Programming group of instructions

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Computers
CPU
Memory
Input Unit
Main Unit
Output Unit
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CPU
Component
Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU)
Register
Control Unit

• Performs arithmetic operation such as addition,
  logics etc.
• The higher the size of the ALU, the efficient the
  computer.

• Control operations in CPU or between CPU, I/O and
  memory.

• Stored information temporary during CPU
  operation.
• Fast

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CPU

• Basic Operation

Fetch

• Data from input

Decode

• Processing instruction in memory

Execute

• Result is display through output device

Display
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BUS

• Address bus
• Unidirectional
• Carry memory location or I/O device
• Data bus
• Bidirectional
• Carry data in or out from CPU
• Control bus
• Bidirectional
• Carry timing signal other control signal to
  synchronize the CPU with I/O

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Memory Types

• Classification by access
• Register Internal to the CPU
• Cache closely linked to the CPU
• Main Memory Connected through system buses
• Secondary memory On-line

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Memory Types

• Classification by technology
• Semiconductor
• Read Only Memory (ROM)
• Nonvolatile storage
• Masked ROM, PROM, EPROM, OTPROM, EEPROM, flash
  memory
• Random Access Memory (RAM)
• Volatile, read and write
• Static and dynamic RAM (SDRAM)

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Memory Types

• Classification by technology
• Magnetic memory Disk, tape
• Optical CDROM, DVDROM
• Flash

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Semiconductor Memory

• Housing area !!!!!!!

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Semiconductor Memory

• Access to data is based on location address
  similar to street address of housing area.
• The numbers of location address based on how
  large the address bus.
• 1 byte 8 bit (28 256 locations)
• 1 word 2 byte 16 bit (216 65535 locations)
• 1 longword 2 word 4 byte 32 bit (232
  4294967296 locations)
• Total location is 2N (N is address bus)

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I/O Devices

• Allows the computer to communicate with the
  outside world.

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I/O Devices

• Mass storage devices
• Store large quantities of information
• Disks, tapes, CDROM, DVDROM, Blue Disk
• Human interface devices
• Monitor, keyboard, mouse, printers,
• Control/monitor devices
• Actuator and sensors

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Computer Categorization

• Microcomputer
• Processor is based on microprocessor such as PC
  and notebook
• Workstation
• Microcomputer used for research activities with
  sophisticated 3-D simulations
• Excellent OS with high speed RISC-processor
• SPARC-10, DEC, Silicon Graphic

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Computer Categorization

• Mainframe
• Large computer normally used for business
• Supercomputer
• High speed for high precision calculation with
  combination of thousand of processors
• Microcontroller
• Small-size processor with internal memory and I/O
• PDA
• Pocket size computer for personal information
  activities

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Micro-P vs. Micro-C
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Computer Speed

• Differ based on
• Circuit technology
• Transistor-transistor logic (TTL)
• Complimentary Metal-Oxide-Semiconductor (CMOS)
• Emitter-Couple Logic (ECL)
• Gallium Arsenide (GaAs)
• Size of data bus
• The bigger the size, the faster the CPU
• CPU overlapping operation
• Capability to perform two task simultaneously
• Memory and I/O speed

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HIERARCHY OF COMPUTER DESIGN

• SOFTWARE
• Application level language
• Labview, OrCad, HyperTerminal etc.
• High level language
• Solve all problem without much attention to CPU
  and configuration
• Much-much easier to write the program
• C, Pascal, Basic etc.
• Eg.
• While (1)
• For (i0ilt9i)
• Printf HELLO

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HIERARCHY OF COMPUTER DESIGN

• Assembly level language
• Much easier to write the program
• Require the assembler to convert to machine code
• Eg.
• Clr.l D0
• Move.w 234D, D4
• Mulu D2,D6
• Machine language
• The only language the computer understand
• Differ processor to processor
• Usually upward compatible
• Fast execution
• Complex programming
• Eg. 011101010110011101010

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HIERARCHY OF COMPUTER DESIGN

• HARDWARE LEVEL
• Register transfer level
• Gate level
• Transistor level

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MOTOROLA PROCESSOR

• Introduce 6800 as its first processor.
• Follows by various version of 6800 6808, 6802,
  6803, 6801, 6809, 6811 and 6816.
• 1979 intro 68000 first 16/32 processor used
  by Apple computer
• 70,000 transistors
• To compete with Intel, 68010, 68020, 68030, 68040
  and 68060 were introduce.

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TERMINOLOGY

• Complex Instruction Set Computer (CISC)
• Numerous numbers of instruction set with simple
  hardware
• Reduced Instruction Set Computer (RISC)
• Fixed and small numbers of instruction
• Faster execution time
• Prefer high level language operation

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TERMINOLOGY
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• What have we learn in this chapter?