How does one generate the WE

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How does one generate the W-E?
Ions Generate G/I Kinks
AVRO USAF Supersonic Disk
G/I
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Woodward Effect (W-E) Requirements

• The W-E describes the fact that inertial mass is
  generated by advanced retarded G/I spacetime
  cyclic disturbances between a local mass and all
  the rest of the mostly distant mass in the
  universe or Far Out Active Mass.
• This Wheeler-Feynman Absorber interaction is a
  Radiation Reaction like spacetime-disturbance
  that is effectively instantaneous in nature.
• There are three (3) main criteria that must be
  met AT-THE SAME-TIME locally to evoke the W-E.
• 1 - The atomic ions in the local mass must be in
  an accelerated state (d-velocity or
  d-acceleration /dt).

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Woodward Effect (W-E) Requirements

• 2 - The time rate of change of mass density rho
  (r) must be non-zero. I.e., the accelerated
  mass dr/dt 0.
• 3 - The changing mass densitys ions MUST be
  exchanging energy (dE/dt) with the
  semi-stationary ions in the Unit Crystal Cell
  (UCC).
• Since E mc2, we can combine dE/dt with dr/dt and
  just track dr/dt, with the understanding that all
  mass energy flows (in both the positive and
  negative time senses) to ALL parts of the
  universe must be accounted for.
• This means that to obtain the W-E, the ions
  dv/dt or da/dt, dr/dt and dE/dt in the mass, MUST
  ALL be non-zero and synchronized in the local
  frame in the appropriate manner.

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Piezoelectric W-E Generators
Ti4 Generated G/I Kinks
G/I
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Piezoelectric Lead Zirconate Titanate (PZT)
Ceramics Compositions

• Generic PZT Pb(Ti-48, Zr-52)O3
• EC-64 (Pb-94, Sr-6) (Ti-47, Zr-53)O3
• EC-65 (Pb-98.8) (Ti-48, Zr-52)-97.6 Nb-2.4
  O3

O 8/16 AN/AMU Ti 22/48 Sr 38/88
Zr 40/91 Nb 41/93 Ba
56/137 Pb 82/207
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HV E-field
BaTi03 Perovskite With applied vxB E
B-fields Per Woodward
Oxygen
B-Field
Titanium
Force
Barium
E-Field
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PZT Ceramic Characteristics

• Piezoelectric Lead Zirconate Titanate (PZT) A
  Perovskite Ceramic
• In the perovskite unit cell, lead ions occupy
  the corners (A sites), oxygen the faces (X
  sites), and titanium/zirconium the octahedral
  voids (B sites).
• The titanium and zirconium ions are smaller than
  the octahedral void and can be displaced by
  applying an electric field or mechanical load.
  This is how polarization occurs. The oxygen ions
  will be displaced in the opposite direction of
  the titanium/zirconium ions.
• The maximum displacement allowed by the crystal
  structure is termed the polarization saturation.
• Ferroelectric materials are those in which the
  polar axis of the crystal can be changed by
  applying an electric field.
• The spontaneous polarization can be observed by
  the positioning of the Pb2, Ti4/Zr4, and O-2
  ions within a unit cell.
• Pb2 is located in the corners of the perovskite
  structure which is of tetragonal symmetry. The
  dipole moment can be seen by the displacements of
  the O-2 and Ti4/Zr4 ions.
• A PZT ceramic is made up of unit crystal cells,
  that make up crystal domains, which comprise
  micron sized single crystal particles that make
  up the ceramic material.

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Key PZT Oxides
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PZT Unit Crystal Cell Polarization
(1)
PZT Unit Cell ABOVE Curie Temperature with Ti ion
at the minimum energy position in the center of
the cubic crystal cell.
Oxygen (O-2) ions 6 places
Ti4 / Zr4 Ion
(2)
PZT Unit Cell BELOW Curie Temperature with Ti ion
offset from crystal cell center due to
Tetragonally distorted unit crystal cell.
Magnitude of Ti ions displacement below Curie
Temperature is proportional to the PZTs 1-kHz
Dielectric Constant
Lead (Pb2) ions 8 Places
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PZT Ceramic Characteristics-2
Representation of domain rotation and switching
during poling of a polycrystalline PZT ceramic.
Approximately 25 of all domains are 100
aligned after poling with a 40 kV/cm poling field.
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PZT Ceramic Characteristics-3
-60 -20 -10
0 10 20
60
Field (kV / cm)
Electrical displacement vs. Electric Field
Strength
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PZT Active Material
O-2
Pb2
O 8/16 AN/AMU Ti 22/48 Zr 40/91
Ba 56/137 Pb 82/207
Ti4
This is net Ti ion displacement due to the
driving Electric field variation.
Zr4
E-Field
E-Field
PZT chemical Pb(Ti-Zr)O3 Structure Note gray
Titanium (Ti) ion and brown Zirconium (Zr) ions
in middle lattices. They and their surrounding
Oxygen (O) ions oscillate up an down, while the
more massive Lead (Pb) ions are relatively still.
Note that the four face oxygen ions move in the
OPPOSITE DIRECTION in relationship to the Ti or
Zr ions. This tends to cancel some unbalanced
forces.
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Energy Storage in PZT Crystals
One of six Face Center Cubic Oxygen ions with
ionic bonds to Pb ions and Covalent bonds to the
Ti ion. The six oxygen ions move with the Ti ion
but at a slower rate due to the eight Pb ionic
bonds drag.
80k cal/mole vs. 6k cal/mole
Covalent/Ionic Bonds Electron / E-Field
Energy storage Springs
Pb2
AMU207
8-Pb cage ions AMU1,656 Ti 6-O ions
AMU144 AMU Ratio 11.51
O-2
Ti4
AMU16
Ti AMU48
Dive E-field
Pb2 8/Unit PZT Crystal
Displacement From Zero point is proportional to
stored energy.
0Energy
Energy is Stored in Extension and Compression of
the PZT Unit Crystals Covalent Ionic bonds
generated springs between atoms.
Zero Energy Storage State
RED Arrows Covalent Bonds Purple Arrows Ionic
Bonds
Question What is the Natural Resonant Frequency
of the PZT Unit Crystals Ti ion?
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PZT Exotic Mass Production
Exotic Matter term
Pb2
1 2 3 4 1
1 2 3 4

E-Field V/m
0
t
Drive E-Field
Brass Electrodes
O-2
A
Ti4
Displacement
C
t
E
Velocity
A
C
B
D
E
t
0
Pb2
0-Energy
Acceleration
Max Stored Energy
NOTES 1. But the largest exotic matter effect
occurs when the rate of internal energy change
peaks.  For SHO that doesn't correspond to the
peak accelerations. - Woodward  2. The location
of the maximum RATE of internal Energy Change of
the Ti ion occurs when the ion is in the middle
of its travel at B D, but the exact position of
maximum accelerations of the ion is dependent on
the E-Field drive waveform, but occurs
towards the beginning and end of the Ti ions
travel at A, C E. (See diagrams.)
t
0
dE/dt
4-Pulses of Negative G/I Exotic Matter
generation per E-Field cycle due to the accel2
nature Radiation Reaction Forces (RRF).
dr /dt
t
0
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PZT Exotic Mass Production
Exotic Matter term
1 2 3 4 1
NOTES 1. But the largest exotic matter effect
occurs when the rate of internal energy change
peaks.  For SHO that doesn't correspond to the
peak accelerations. - Woodward
Acceleration
External Drive E-Field
-Cos2
t
0
A C E
A
Ti ion Displacement


B
t
C

D
dE/dt
E
Potential Well
t
0
PZT Pb Cage Repulsive E-Fields
Cage E-Fields V/m
r/dt
E-Fields Attractive Repulsion -
-E-Field Peak
E-Field Peak
t
0
/-dr/dt
Drive E-Field V/m
-E-Field Peak
Vel. Peak
4-Pulses of Negative G/I Exotic Matter
generation per E-Field cycle due to the accel2
nature Radiation Reaction Forces (RRF).
t
Ion Velocity
0
-dr/dt
-Vel. Peak
t
0
t
Ion Acceleration
0
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PZT on Silicon
SEM picture of several arrays of PZT
nano-structures with various sizes obtained by
direct electron beam writing. These PZT
nano-structures could be used to make arrays of
W-E unidirectional force generators in an
integrated circuit like configuration.
XTEM picture of the Direct Wafer interface
between a PZT film grown by CSD and a Si (100)
3-inch wafer bonded by Direct Wafer Bonding (DWB)
.
FROM http//www.mpi-halle.mpg.de/ferrohtc/resear
ch.htm
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74 kHz Anti-Resonate PZT UFG with Rubber Pad
(As Fabricated by Woodward)
Al Suspension L Bracket
4-40 Tapped Thru Holes, Qty. 6
1/16 Ultrasonic Tuning Rubber Pad
4-40 18-8 Socket Head Cap Screws 60 Deg., Qty
6 (Act as PZT pre-load compression springs)
4-40 Nuts, Qty. 6
RM (Brass)
Notes 1. Brass RM51.74g 2. Al End Cap 8.58g 3.
Screws Nuts 12g 4. EC-65 PZT Stack
33.94g 5. Al L Bracket Bi-M T 10g
Grand Total 116.3 grams
C. G.
Longitudinal Axis
7075 Al Preload Compression End Cap
Active G/I Antenna region
Bi-Metallic Spiral Thermometer
EC-65 PZT Stack
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W-E Generator Labs Results
Ti4 Generated G/I Kinks
G/I
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Woodwards UFG (cont.)Alternate UFG Torque
Pendulum Test Setup
Ceiling

Suspension Fiber Positive Electrode
UFG Force Vectors (In out of page)
2 meter
Target
Mirror
-
UFG Support Frame
Laser Pointer
Hg Dash Pot Negative Electrode
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1999 CSUF Torque Pendulum Work
A small anomalous force on the order of tenths of
dynes was generated by these first generation
UFGs, which were detected in a 1 x 10-3 Torr
vacuum.
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Woodwards UFG U-80 Load Cell Data
2001 data with averaged 66.6 kHz Weight Reduction
Signal 1.5 gram reduction
Weight Signal
PZT Temperature
66.6 kHz Input Power
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Woodwards CSUF UFG Test Setup(Sixth floor of
CSUF Science Building, Fullerton, CA)
2001
1998
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Woodwards 1998Test Bed Schematic
Non-Contact Translation Measurement System
R1
12 bit D to A
12 bit A to D
R2
Accelerometer
NOTES 1. U80 Stack resonance 28 kHz
U80 Force Transducer
2. R1 R2 6.0 ohms
3. Power Levels 50-to-250 watts
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Woodwards UFG (cont.)Second Generation UFG
Operational Concept
AM Drive Freq. x kHz
TAIRF Time Averaged Inertial Reaction Force
PZT Drive Freq. 2x kHz
Lm
Rest Zero
Reference
Lm
Zero Ref.
AM Active Mass
/ - implies mass fluctuation (mf)
PZT PieZoelectric Transducer
2nd Generation UFG Lm 0.05 microns
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Woodwards UFG (cont.)Second Generation unit
Picture

• This UFG is composed of 7075 aluminum end plates
  and capacitor clamps, two PZT actuators and two
  Active Mass capacitors. (1g AM per Cap.)
• Held together with six, 4-40 steel rods nuts.
• Capacitors mass fluctuations (mf) 10 of AM
  (2g total)
• PZT Excursions 0.05 um
• Max IRF output 0.1 micro-N

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Woodwards latest UFG (2001)
U-80 Force Sensor
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Old Woodward PZT Base UFGs
PZT based UFG from Jim Toms STAIF-2000
Paper Thrust 0.01-to-0.032 dynes
(milligram-force)
Similar PZT UFG sent to March Wt. 115.9 grams
Brass Disk
Alum. Mounting Flange
Alum. Mounting Flange
Rubber Pads
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80 Watt UFG Force Output Curves
1-Omega Frequency (75.0 kHz)
2001 Data
RED Weight in milligrams GREEN Input Power in
Watts BLUE-GRN Accelerometer Data BLUE
Temperature
6-second Long Frequency Sweep from
70kHz to 78kHz
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120 Watt UFG Force Output Curves
1-Omega Frequency (74.2 kHz)
2001 Data
RED Weight in milligrams GREEN Input Power in
Watts BLUE-GRN Accelerometer Data BLUE
Temperature
6-second Long Frequency Sweep from
68kHz to 76kHz
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Mahoods 1999 Thesis Torque Pendulum UFGs
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P. Marchs 2002 UFG Lab Pictures
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2002 UFG Test Bed Block Diagram
15 Step-up Isolation Xfmr
Chamber Weight 92 lbs UUT Weight 1/2 lb
To 12-Bit A/D Temp.
50-to-100 kHz
SW1
Hafler P3000 Bridged Power Amps
TEK P6021 Current Probe Matching Xfmr
Springs (4)
T1
TDS-220 2-Chan 8-bit Scope
120Vac
PZT Accelerometer Voltage Signal
Sorbothane Vibration Isolation 1/8 Pads,
4 plc
HP-3312A Signal Gen. FC-7015U Freq Counter
PZT Instantaneous Power Signal
UFG
V
I
Cylinder Lens
Filter / Photo Sensor in Collimator Tube
T3
AD624 Signal Conditioner Bessel
30Hz L.P.F.
T2
AD633 AD630
650 nm Laser
3V
Al Knife Edge
I-P
Sweep Generator Synch
LM723
Vacuum Chamber
A-P
Low Freq Isolation Sorbothane
/-10 gram Weight Signal
ADC-212 Picoscope
12V To Drop Tower
12V
GPIB 1
P C 4 2 0
Parallel Port 1
Linear Power Supplies 5V, 12V, /-18V
Mod TrippLite IS-1000 120Vac Isolation Xfmr
/-15V
Monitor
800MHz P3 Computer
Parallel Port 2
USB
Home Networking Phone Line
120Vac
8-Chan. 12-Bit A/D (Temp. Monitor)
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How to convert Inertial Mass Reduction Signals
into Thrust - Rotary Approach
Ions Generate G/I Kinks
UFG
Light m1
Heavy m2
Alternating FORCE Rectification
Net F m1a m2a
G/I
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W-E Rotary Force Magnification

• W-E exotic matter induced mass reductions can be
  used to produce propulsive Force (Newtons) by
  using Newtons 2nd law, F Mass x Acceleration
  
• To maximize F, one needs to maximize M and/or A
• If one momentarily imbalances a rotating
  flywheel, a net force can be produced.
• Centripetal Force imbalances unbalanced D Mass
  x Rim Velocity2 / radius
• Rim Velocity 2p x Revolutions/sec x Radius in
  meters
• This assumes that when DM0, the rotor is
  balanced.

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Rotary Force Concepts
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W-E Force Magnification

• Centripetal Rim accelerations of 15,000-g
  (147,000 m/sec2) can be obtained for a 15,000
  rpm rate with a moment arm radius of 0.06 meters.
  
• Sanity check Current Smart Artillery Shells
  (105 or 155mm diameters) have imbedded micro-CPU
  GPS receivers that survive linear accelerations
  of up to 15,000-g for 10 milliseconds and
  concurrent rotational rates of 300 revolutions
  per second, which implies constant radial
  accelerations of up to 19,000-g.

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W-E Force Magnification-2

• Conclusion The 15,000-g Rotary UFG assumptions
  are reasonable and doable by placing the mass
  fluctuation at the rim of a 15,000 rpm flywheel.
• If we have a W-E induced DM of 0.10 gram in a
  UFG, the unbalanced force 0.00010 kg x 147,000
  m/sec2 14.7 Newtons or 3.30 lbs
• If DM 2.22 grams, F 0.0022 grams x 147,000
  m/sec2 323.4 Newtons or 72.8 lbs.
• If DM 10.0 grams, the unbalanced force 0.010
  kg x 147,000 m/sec2 1470.0 Newtons or 330.5
  lbs.

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Woodwards Rotary UFG Test Bed
(2002)
UFG-1
360 Degree Slip-Ring (Accelerometer.)
3.0 cm
15,000 RPM
1.6 cm
75 kHz ac Power Input
180 Degree Commutator (ac Power)
Accelerometers
Commutator Brushes 4 total (Hi, Lo, Hi, Lo)
http//www.polysci.com/SlipRings/ec3848.html
Possible Alternative 6 channel Rotary Brush
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Woodwards Rotary UFG Test Bed
(2002)
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W-E Force Magnification-3

• You might now ask how do we keep the rotating
  imbalanced force pointing in a single and usable
  direction?
• Attach multiple UFGs on the outside RIM of the
  flywheel and commutate them on and off with
  microseconds-to-milliseconds switch timing as
  required to keep the generated imbalanced force
  vector pointing in the desired direction.
• Then use two (2) counter-rotating flywheel-UFG
  assemblies together to nullify the flywheels
  torque.

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Linear Rotational UFG Development Issues

• Consistent PZT generated mass-reduction signal
  over time. Tested PZT ceramic materials have
  detrimental time, temperature and power history
  dependent characteristics, which are obtained
  only though very extreme operating conditions.
• Engineering 200-to-500 kHz Ultrasonics systems
• Development of Closed Phased Locked Loop Tuning
  of PZT mass reduction resonant frequency.
• Increase of PZT mass-reduction signal per unit
  input power. (PZT mass-reduction increases with
  the square of the operating frequency input
  power.)
• Rotational drive electronics rotor integration.