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Outline of presentation

1. Introduction
2. Problem Statement
3. Objectives Methodology
4. Literature Review
5. Development of Evaluation Model
6. Application of Evaluation Model
7. Conclusions and Recommendations

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1. INTRODUCTION

• The concept of land subdivision in early
  developments used to be an easier process
  reflecting the needs of the community.
• The issues like recent technological developments
  and globalization has changed the activities and
  needs of community.
• This requires the neighborhood to be designed
  under the guidelines of a Sustainable Urban
  Design (SUD).
• This research develops a model based on the
  design principles of SUD to evaluate the
  neighborhood for sustainability for future.

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2. PROBLEM STATEMENT

• Existing land subdivision codes give developers
  little incentive to conserve natural areas.
• Often local codes and standards create needless
  impervious cover in the form of wide streets.
• Some of the failures are expansive parking lots
  and large-lot subdivisions with improper
  allocation of services.
• The need for the community is to reevaluate the
  local codes for the process of land subdivision
  to produce more sustainable neighborhood.

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3. OBJECTIVES AND METHODOLOGY

• The objectives of this research are
• To study the concepts of a sustainable urban
  design, and obtain the principles of an ideal
  neighborhood.
• To design a model for evaluation of a
  neighborhood based on the concepts of sustainable
  urban neighborhood.
• Evaluation of the design alternative of any
  residential neighborhood using two different
  software techniques namely GIS and Space Syntax.

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METHODOLOGY

• Reviewing the concepts of sustainability and SUD,
  and its application in achieving an ideal
  neighborhood.
• Development of evaluation model and to derive the
  provisions for evaluation of different aspects of
  neighborhood design.
• Carrying out evaluation based on GIS and
  Syntactic analysis, which concentrates mainly on
  the following issues
• To check the allocation of services
• To determine the shortest path network
• To measure the accessibility and integration of
  street network

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4. LITERATURE REVIEW
Concept of Sustainability is to sustain or
withstand something in future with efficiency
against rapid changes. The main goal in all the
concepts of sustainability is the capability of
mankind to maintain itself over time A
Sustainable Urban design is a mechanism of
allocation of undifferentiated land, for
structuring the distribution of various community
services It concentrates allocation of public
services like schools and other services which
preserves more of the existing ecology.
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4. LITERATURE REVIEW (contd)

• Main capabilities of a sustainable urban design
  pattern are
• Reducing private automobile owner ship and
  creating a pedestrian friendly environment.
• Adopt compact forms and more traditional designs.
• Encourage well distributed services and promote
  small scale economic activities.
• Support well established Public Transport.
• To Promote social, economical, and environmental
  equity.

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EVALUATION TECHNIQUE AND APPROACH
The ability of neighborhood to function as a good
service provider is mainly dependent of its
pedestrian accessibility. Pedestrian
accessibility is governed by two main powerful
indicators (Emily Talen, 2003) Service Provision
The quantity and quality of places. Access to
service The ability to reach the services. The
following are the accessibility measurement
factors Origin Destination Mode of travel Travel
Route Properties Distance calculations
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Figure Illustrating the factors in measurement of
accessibility
Neighborhood as a good service provider
Service Provision
Access To Service
FACTORS
Distance calculations
Origin
Travel route properties
Destination
Mode Of travel
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Principles of Space Syntax used in Neighborhood
Development

• Space Syntax uses computer-based design tools
  which predict patterns of movement in the
  neighborhood.
• Space syntax is a set of theories and tools used
  for spatial analysis with particular applications
  in urban science.
• For analysis of spatial integration and
  accessibility in a neighborhood, space syntax
  provides a range of parameters
• The three main parameters which are used in the
  analysis are connectivity, control, and
  integration.

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Parameters of spatial analysis
Connectivity
Control (Point Depth)
Integration
The number of nodes directly linked to each
individual node.
Defined as the number of steps from a considered
node to all other nodes.
The degree to which a node is integrated or
segregated from a system as a whole
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5. DEVELOPMENT OF EVALUATION MODEL

• Based on the concepts of SUD, the five basic
  features of an Ideal Neighborhood are
• The neighborhood has a center and an edge.
• The neighborhood should be of optimal size that
  is a quarter mile from center to edge. (this
  distance is the equivalent of a five-minute walk
  at an easy pace)
• The neighborhood has a balanced mix of activities
  - dwelling, shopping, working, schooling,
  worshipping and recreational.
• The neighborhood structures building sites and
  traffic on a frame network of interconnecting
  streets.
• The neighborhood gives priority to public space
  and to the appropriate location of civic
  buildings.

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• Principles for evaluation criterions
• Movement routes are shared by cars, buses,
  cyclists and pedestrians and go through the
  center rather than around it as well as through
  residential neighborhoods.
• Community facilities such as health centers,
  schools, open play grounds, parks are distributed
  around the neighborhood reflecting more localized
  catchments.
• Services tend to be focused along a main street
  running through the heart of neighborhood.
• The neighborhood provides a wide range of
  different housing opportunities.
• Housing densities are highest around the edges of
  the towns, principal roads leading to centers.

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Frame Work For Evaluation Model
EVALUATION OF NEIGHBRHOOD DESIGN ALTERNATIVE
GIS Based Evaluation
Syntactic Evaluation
Shortest Path Analysis
Accessibility of Street Network
Services Allocation
Vehicular Accessibility Pedestrian Accessibility
Global (Major) Services Local Services
Redesign the alternative based on the principles
of SUD
SATISFY THE CRITERIONS AND PROVISIONS
NO
Y E S
IMPLEMENTATION OF DESIGN ALTERNATIVE
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Establishment of criterions and provisions for
evaluation
GIS based evaluation - Services allocation This
is basically to test the suitability of the
various services allocated in the neighborhood
under certain criterions. MAJOR SERVICES -
Schools, Commercial centers, Juma Mosques,
Community centers, Hospitals, and Municipal
services. General Provisions All the major
services should be located at the major streets
of the neighborhood. The radius of influence
varies at a range of 750 850 meters. Criterions
The neighborhood gives the priority to public
spaces and to the appropriate location to civic
buildings. Priority to public spaces and its
appropriate location to have an easy access.
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LOCAL SERVICES -Local mosques, parks,
dispensaries, and local commercial centers.
General Provisions All the local services
should be easily accessible through the collector
streets of that neighborhood. The radius of
influence of the local services and the local
neighborhood is around 250 m 350
m. Criterion The neighborhood should be of
optimal size that is a quarter mile from center
to edge, this distance is equal to less than 10
min walk at an easy space.
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GIS based evaluation Shortest Path Analysis
The objective of this analysis is to find the
shortest path to the local as well as major
services from the local neighborhood
centers. General Provisions The services should
be with in a reach of the community via a
shortest path mostly through the collector and
local streets. Criterions A neighborhood should
have pedestrian encouraging environment, which
reduces private automobile ownership that makes
the people walk and make the surrounding
healthier.
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SYNTACTIC based evaluation Accessibility of
street network
The objective of this analysis is to evaluate the
accessibility and integration of the street
network with respect to the services. General
Provisions Services should be allocated on the
most integrated streets of the network that is
on the 10 most globally integrated
streets. Services should be with in a reach of 3
to 4 steps of accessibility from the exterior
roads and well the interior collector
streets. Criterions Movement of routes shared by
cars and pedestrian go through the center rather
than around it as well as through residential
neighborhood. Shops and services tend to be
focused on main streets running through the heart
of neighborhood. The neighborhood should have a
frame work of interconnecting streets which makes
the neighborhood easily accessible.
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6. APPLICATION OF EVALUATION MODEL
The main elements of evaluation process
Accessibility Of Street Network
Service Allocation and Pedestrian Network
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Description of Case Study
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Assumptions for evaluation
The case study represents a design alternative
for hypothetical study area which is under going
the process of land subdivision for neighborhood
development. It shows all the major land uses
with the allocation of services, and the
hierarchy of road network as major roads,
collector streets and local streets. The area is
designed for a uniform population density with 8
to 9 persons residing per housing unit. Effect
of each individual neighborhood is considered
from its center. Pedestrian pathways exists
along all the street network. A two way traffic
flow is assumed for the entire road network.
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GIS based evaluation
Individual Buffering
The technique is simple this is done using the
simple buffering wizard of Arc GIS which creates
a buffer for the specific centers.
Area of Influence for LOCAL SERVICES
Governing Factors Buffering of Local Services
Radius of 250 m
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GIS based evaluation
Individual Buffering
Area of Influence for MAJOR SERVICES
Governing Factors Buffering of Major Services
Radius of 550 m Buffering of Schools Radius of
650 m
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GIS based evaluation
Suitability analysis (Combined Buffering)
Combined buffering is to check the suitability of
the service location with respect to TWO or more
factors.
Suitability analysis for LOCAL SERVICES
Governing Factors Local Streets Buffer of 250m
Factor 0.45 Neighborhood centers Buffer of
250m Factor 0.55
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GIS based evaluation
Suitability analysis (Combined Buffering)
Suitability analysis for MAJOR SERVICES
Governing Factors Collector Streets (450m
0.35) Major streets (400m 0.40) Neighborhood
centers (500m 0.25)
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GIS based evaluation
Shortest Path Analysis
Shortest path network gives the base for design
of the pedestrian network for the entire
neighborhood with respect to local as well as
major service. Finding out the cost weighted
buffer for the origin is the initial steps. The
input for cost weighted raster is resultant
buffer of destination and the cost. Cost Weight
Buffer gives the direction and distance raster
for shortest path Description of cost weighted
raster and cost raster.
Shortest path Shortest path Distance for buffering Cost weighted Raster Cost Raster
Origin Destination Distance for buffering Cost weighted Raster Cost Raster
Neighborhood centers Local Services 250 m To Neighborhood centers Resultant of reclassified buffer of Local services and local streets
Local Services Neighborhood centers 250 m To Local services Resultant of reclassified buffer of Neighborhood centers and local streets
Neighborhood centers Major Services 550 m To Neighborhood centers Resultant of reclassified buffer of Major services and collector streets
Major Services Neighborhood centers 550 m To major services Resultant of reclassified buffer of Neighborhood centers and collector streets
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GIS based evaluation
Shortest Path Analysis
Shortest Path analysis for LOCAL SERVICES
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GIS based evaluation
Shortest Path Analysis
Shortest Path analysis for LOCAL SERVICES
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Pedestrian pathways based on the resultant
shortest path analysis
Pedestrian Pathways
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SYNTACTIC based evaluation
Global Integration
It indicates the degree to which a node is
integrated or segregated from a system as a whole
Global Integration for Vehicular and Pedestrian
Accessibility
Vehicular Accessibility
Pedestrian Accessibility
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SYNTACTIC based evaluation
Integration Core
To distribute the services on well integrated
streets, the top 10 of total number of lines in
terms of their integration value is taken as most
integrated streets.
Most Globally Integrated streets
Pedestrian Accessibility
Vehicular Accessibility
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SYNTACTIC based evaluation
Point Depth Analysis
The point depth analysis is basically to measure
the accessibility of a certain streets, it
measure the extent of reach of the selected
street. The extent of reach is measured in terms
of number of turns.
Four step accessibility for major roads
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SUMMARY OF OBSERVATIONS
Results
Observation
Type Of Analysis Carried Out
SLNO
The radius of buffering was based on the SUD
criterion, and almost all services were
satisfying the criterions.
The buffering of all the services from the center
of each services location it was showing the
extent of residential area covered
Individual Buffering Determining the area of
influence of every service.
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The factors contributing to the accessibility of
a service were taken based on the principles SUD,
and all the services were in the suitable zone of
allocation.
A combined buffering was done by giving certain
weights for the factors influencing the
accessibility of that particular service it
gave the suitability of that particular service
Suitability Analysis Determining the area of
influence of every service under the combined
effect of two or more governing factors.
2
The analysis gave the shortest path for the
services, which were effective in creating a
pedestrian encouraging environment.
Cost weighted raster and cost raster were
calculated for the elements influencing the
shortest path for the respective origin and
destination.
Shortest Path Analysis To determine the shortest
path in between the neighborhood center and the
services.
3
Most of the services were on the most globally
integrated streets very few needed some re
allocation. The network was well integrated,
making the neighborhood easily accessible.
Most global integrated streets were found in
order to measure the accessibility and proper
allocation of the services.
Global Integration To determine the most
integrated street in the street network.
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Allocation of all the major services satisfied
the codes of SUD. Some of the areas and
individual neighborhoods gave poor results in
terms of reach, it needs some modification in the
street network accordingly
Two steps, Three steps and four steps reach for
various services were found out.
Point Depth Analysis To find out the reach of a
particular service from a selected street.
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7. CONCLUSIONS

• The following are the conclusions for this
  research
• The principles and guidelines of Sustainable
  urban design were very much effective in
  designing the evaluation model.
• A complete application of the designed model was
  successfully carried out on a hypothetical study
  area.
• The application of spatial analyst tool of ArcGIS
  9.0 was very effective in carrying out the tasks
  like suitability of any service allocation and
  the determination of shortest path for pedestrian
  network.

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1. The analysis done by the technique of space
   syntax gave a subjective judgment for the
   outcomes and results for the GIS analysis. This
   shows the integration of two different techniques
   in the process of designing a sustainable
   residential neighborhood.
2. Finally, it can be concluded that the developed
   GIS and Syntactic based model is an effective
   tool which can be used by the planners and real
   estate developers in evaluating their design
   alternatives, to produce a livable and
   sustainable residential neighborhood.

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RECOMMENDATIONS

1. There is a need for planners to explore how
   communities move towards sustainability, and
   implement successfully the concept of SUD
2. The evaluation process should include the element
   of affordability to support a greater variety of
   housing type.
3. The further scope of this research is to carry
   out an economic feasibility analysis in efficient
   allocation of services in the neighborhood.
4. Local Municipal codes should take into
   consideration the effect of services of
   surrounding neighborhoods.
5. Application of Network Analyst for analyzing
   street network.
6. It is required for the planning authorities and
   real estate developers to possess a complete GIS
   based map.

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THANK YOU