Unit I INTRODUCTION

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Unit I INTRODUCTION
Biology 220 Anatomy Physiology I

• Chapters 1-3
• pp. 2-116
• Chapter 26
• pp. 1034-1062

E. Gorski/ E. Lathrop-Davis/S. Kabrhel
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Overview

• Definitions
• Language of Anatomy
• Levels of Organization
• Life Functions
• Body Fluids and Compartments
• Introduction to Homeostasis
• Chemistry Review

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Definitions

• Anatomy Study of structure
• Macroscopic Anatomy Gross structures, visible to
  the naked eye
• Microscopic Anatomy small structures not visible
  to the naked eye
• Histology (tissues)
• Cytology (cellular anatomy)
• Physiology Study of functions at organ system,
  organ, cellular or molecular level

REMEMBER Function follows form
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The Language of Anatomy

• Anatomical Position and Directional Terms
• see Table 1.1, p. 13
• Regional Terms
• see Fig. 1.7, p. 14
• Abdominopelvic Regions and Quadrants
• see Fig. 1.11and Fig. 1.12, p. 19
• Body Planes and Sections
• see Fig. 1.8, p. 16

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The Language of Anatomy

• Body Cavities and Membranes
• Dorsal Body Cavity (houses brain and spinal cord)
• Ventral Body Cavity (houses other organs)
• Other Body Cavities (e.g., nasal cavity, oral
  cavity)
• see Fig. 1.9, p. 17
• Body membranes
• Mucous Membranes
• Serous Membranes (see Fig. 1.10, p. 18)
• Cutaneous Membranes
• Synovial Membranes

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Levels of Organization

• Chemical Atoms Molecules (proteins,
  carbohydrates, nucleic acids, lipids)
• Cellular Smallest unit of life Organelles
  (cellular structures with specific functions)
• Tissues Similar cells grouped together to
  perform a function
• 4 major types epithelial tissues muscle
  tissues connective tissue nervous tissue
• Organ Two or more types of tissues working
  together to perform a specific function
• System Organ System Organs working together
  to perform an overall function
• Organism Made up of many organ systems

See Fig. 1.1, p. 4
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Characteristics of Living Things

• Maintenance of boundaries (cell membrane, skin)
• Movement (gross or cellular)
• Responds to stimuli (recognize changes in
  environment and creates responses)
• Digestion (provides nutrients in usable form)
• Metabolism (chemical reactions)
• Excretion (removal of wastes)
• Reproduction (cellular or organismal)
• Growth (increase in size)

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Body Fluids and Compartments
Intracellular Fluid (ICF)
Extracellular Fluid ECF)

• Outside cells (15 L)
• 20 of body weight
• (1/3 of total fluid)

• Inside cells (25 L)
• 40 of body weight
• (2/3 of total fluid)

ICF and ECF are different in composition ICF --
higher in potassium (K), phosphate (HPO4),
protein ECF -- higher in chloride (Cl-), sodium
(Na)
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Homeostasis

• Maintenance of bodys internal
• environment within specific ranges
• Homeostatic imbalance - occurs when
• homeostatic mechanisms fail
• Control of homeostasis prevents extreme
  deviations
• Feedback mechanisms body recognizes deviation
  and creates response
• Negative feedback
• Positive feedback

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Negative FeedbackControl of Blood Sugar

• response counter-acts (decreases or increases)
  deviation until normal range is attained
• example control of blood sugar
• most functions are controlled with negative
  feedback
• see Fig. 1.5, p. 11

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Positive FeedbackPlatelet Plug Formation (Blood
Clotting)

• response intensifies deviation until major event
  happens
• example platelet plug formation and blood
  clotting
• see Fig. 1.6, p. 12
• other examples
• release of milk during lactation
• contractions during labor (childbirth)
• action potential in neurons

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Chemistry Review Composition of Matter

• Atoms
• Nucleus Protons () and Neutrons
• Electrons (-)
• Ions
• Cations () Anions (-)
• Molecule combination of two or more atoms of
  the same element, e.g., O2
• Compound combination of two or more different
  kinds of atoms, e.g., H2O

(pages 27-60 see also Sackheim)
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Chemistry Review Bonding

• Ionic - between cations and anions
• e.g., Na Cl- (sodium chloride)
• Covalent - shared electrons
• Nonpolar covalent (even sharing)
• Polar covalent (uneven sharing)
• Hydrogen bonding - weak attraction
• Common between water molecules
• (surface tension)

(pages 27-60 see also Sackheim)
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Chemistry Review Acid/Base Balances

• pH measure of the amount of H in solution
• -log H
• neutral pH 7 10-7 moles H/liter
• Acids -- Donate H --gt lower pH
• H2CO3 --gt H HCO3-
• Bases -- Donate OH- or accept H --gt raise pH
• KOH --gt K OH-
• Acids or bases may be inorganic (e.g., HCl, KOH)
  or organic (e.g., H2CO3)

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Chemistry Review Acid/Base Balances

• Strength and Concentration
• Strength ability to dissociate (ionize)
• inorganic acids/bases are usually strong
• organic acids/bases are usually weak
• Concentration amount of solute in solution
• Buffers
• help prevent radical changes in pH
• replace strong acid/base with weaker one

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Chemistry Review Organic Compounds

• Carbohydrates
• Lipids
• Nucleic Acids
• Proteins

General Functions Structure Catalysts Transpor
tation Movement pH and osmoregulation Regulatio
n Defense against disease
Defense against disease