A Worldwide Information Utility the Global Positioning System GPS

1
A Worldwide Information UtilitytheGlobal
Positioning System(GPS)

• August 2000

2
Overview

• Policy
• Applications Markets
• Augmentations
• Sustainment Modernization
• International Cooperation

3
Policy
4
U.S. GPS Policy Background

• Designed as a dual-use system
• Military applications for multi-Service and
  Allied use
• Civilian applications for worldwide use
• Free of direct user charges (policy since 1983)
• Consistent U.S. National Policy statements from
  both Executive and Legislative Branches
• Presidential Decision Directive, March 1996
• U.S. Public Law, December 1998
• SA turned off May 2000

5
United States GPS Policy

• Provide GPS Standard Positioning Service free of
  direct user fees for peaceful civil use
• Encourage acceptance and integration of GPS into
  peaceful civil, commercial, and scientific
  applications worldwide
• Encourage private sector investment in/ use of
  GPS technologies and services
• Promote safety and efficiency in transportation
  and other fields
• Promote international cooperation in using GPS
  for peaceful purposes
• Advance scientific and technical capabilities
• Strengthen and maintain national security

6
The Interagency GPS Executive Board
Defense
Transportation
State
Commerce
Agriculture
Interior
NASA
Joint Chiefs of Staff
Justice
7
Applications Markets
8
Worldwide Sales of GPS Goods Services Will
Reach 16B by 2003
9
Worldwide GPS Revenues By Market Segment
10
Car Navigation

• On-board navigation
• Fleet management
• Roadside assistance
• Stolen vehicle recovery
• Enhanced services
• Mass market dominated by Japan
• Dataquest Unit sales of chips for car navigation
  to reach 11.3M in 2001
• 4.7B sales by 2003

11
Consumer/Recreational

• Portable receivers for fishermen, hunters,
  hikers, cyclists, etc.
• Recreational facilities -- golf courses, ski
  resorts
• Integration of GPS into cellular phones
• E-911 requirement
• 3.8B market by 2003

12
Surveying/Mapping/GIS

• Sub-centimeter accuracy
• 100-300 savings in time, cost, labor
• Control survey point 10,000 in 1986 250 in
  1997
• Rural electrification
• Telecom tower placement
• Pipelines
• Oil, gas, and mineral exploration
• Flood plain mapping
• 3.12B market by 2003

13
Tracking/Machine Control

• Package/cargo delivery
• Fleet and asset management
• Theft recovery
• Public safety and services
• Farming, mining, and construction equipment
• DGPS/RTK required for many applications
• 3B market by 2003

14
Timing

• GPS offers an inexpensive alternative to costly,
  high maintenance timing equipment
• Telecommunications network synchronization
  management
• Phones, pagers, wireless systems
• LANs, WANs, Internet
• Financial transactions
• Electrical power grid management fault location
• Digital signatures for e-commerce
• Some estimate the timing market at 40-100M

15
Emerging GPS Applications

• Entrepreneurs and scientific researchers invent
  new applications almost every day
• Higher precision is necessary for many
  cutting-edge applications
• Differential GPS (DGPS)
• Relative DGPS
• Carrier phase positioning
• Real-Time Kinematic (RTK)
• Post-processing

16
Construction

• Machinery, asset, and personnel management
• Rapid surveys for laying foundation piles, etc.
• Accident prevention
• Remote control of machinery possible
• Japanese volcano dam

GPS/RTK technology was used in the construction
of the Øresund Bridge between Denmark and Sweden
17
Europe is a Major Player in the GPS Market

• Rapid growth projected, especially in car
  navigation sector
• Many European firms provide GPS goods and
  services
• 45 identified by Booz-Allen Hamilton
• Scandanavian GNSS Industry Council
• European governments are investing in GPS
  augmentation systems
• Maritime DGPS
• EGNOS
• EUREF, SWEPOS, FinnNet

18
The Market is Wide Open

• Civil signals are freely available, right now
• Openly published GPS specifications allow anyone
  to build receivers (no licensing fees)
• Hardware is becoming a commodity
• Huge potential exists in value-added services
• Software development
• Embedded applications
• Localized GIS databases
• Internet integration
• Wireless markets

19
Unit Cost of Receivers Is Falling At 30 Per
Year
800
600
400
200
0
1991
1993
1995
1997
1999
Source U.S. GPS Industry Council
20
Projected Relative Market Share
21
Augmentations
22
Sustainment Modernization
23
Constellation Status
24
The End of Selective AvailabilityMay 2, 2000
25
GPS Modernization
Service for Space Users
Redundant Safety of Life Signals
Increased Radiated Power
Augmentations, Improved Timing
Improved User Equipment
26
Current GPS Segments
Signals in Space
L2
L1
Space Segment
Military P(Y)
Civil (C/A)
P(Y)

• Block II/IIA
• Operational
• Rockwell (now Boeing)
• 26 on orbit
• MMD 6.0/8.6/10.6 yrs

Ground Control Segment

• Block IIR
• Operational/In production
• Lockheed Martin
• All 21 procured
• 2 on orbit
• 1 Destroyed on launch
• MMD 7.8 yrs

• Block IIF
• In production
• Boeing(Rockwell)
• 6 already procured
• Options for 24 more without modernization
• MMD 12.7 yrs

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Modernized GPS Space Segment

• Block IIRs (up to 12 SVs)
• Adds C/A to L2
• Adds new military M-Code
• Increases signal power for existing
  signals

Signals in Space
C/A
C/A
M-code
M-code
P(Y)
P(Y)
L2
L1
Signals in Space
Adds civil L5 to all Block IIFs Pursue
optimum Approach for higher power M-code spot beam
C/A
C/A
M-code
M-code
P(Y)
P(Y)
L5 1176.45MHz
L2 1227.6MHz
L1 1575.45MHz
GPS Modernization plan meets White House
announcements of adding new civil services while
implementing spectrally separated military
services
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GPS III Modernization
FY00
01
02
03
04
05
06
07
08
09
10
11
12
13
14
Competitive Trade Studies (Two contractors)
EMD Vehicles
EMD
IAT
PD/RR
GPS III SVs 1-3 transitioned to operational
status
Qual Vehicle
Systems Arch / Rqts Study
On-Orbit Test
Qual Test
Decision on Spot Beam Production based on Qual
Vehicle Testing
SV 4-6
IAT
LL
Prod
SV 7-9
IAT
LL
Prod
SV 10-12
IAT
LL
Prod
GPS III Prod
SV 13-15
IAT
LL
Prod
SV 16-18
IAT
LL
Prod
29
Modernization Budget Status

• DoDs FY01 GPS Modernization budget request
  included both military and civil enhancements
• Total request for GPS Modernization of Space and
  Ground Control Segment for FY01 was 440.9M
• DoDs FY01 Appropriation was enacted by Congress
  on August 9, 2000, at the requested level of
  funding

30
International Cooperation
31
International Cooperation

• Promote acceptance and peaceful use of GPS and
  its augmentations
• International offering of GPS to ICAO and IMO
• Service free of direct user charges
• Non-proprietary signal standards for civil
  services
• GPS Augmentations -- Worldwide interoperability
• Space-based systems (WAAS, MSAS, EGNOS) for
  aviation
• Land-based DGPS technology for maritime and
  terrestrial uses already adopted by 35 countries
• Global, non-proprietary standards

32
Principles for Cooperation

• No direct user fees for civil and public safety
  services
• Ensure open market driven competition for user
  equipment and applications
• Open signal structure for all civil services to
  promote equal access for applications development
  and value added services
• Protection of the current radionavigation
  spectrum from disruption and interference
• Use of GPS time, geodesy, and signal structure
  standards
• Seamless, global interoperability of future
  systems with GPS
• Recognition of national and international
  security issues and protecting against misuse

33
U.S. - Japan Cooperation

• September 1998 Joint Statement signed
• GPS based augmentations
• Largest commercial market share for products and
  services
• September 1999 Working Groups met in Washington,
  D.C.
• Policy
• Transportation
• Commercial Scientific
• Next plenary session in Tokyo

34
U.S. - Russia Consultation

• May 19 in Washington, D.C.
• Excellent dialogue
• Many common views
• Principles of Cooperation
• Next meeting in Fall 2000 in Moscow

35
U.S. - E.U.

• Use of GPS and its augmentations for commercial
  products and services incorporating open signal
  structure
• 1998 U.S. presented draft Framework Agreement
  based on GPS and its augmentations
• Consider inclusion of International Advisory
  Commission, Intent of Guarantee, Statement of
  Free Service
• 2000 Cooperation concept
• Stage 1 Framework Cooperative Agreement based on
  Principles of Cooperation
• Stage 2 Working groups
• Stage 3 Follow-on agreement to cover Galileo
  operations phase

36
U.S. Questions About Galileo

• To be understood
• Revenue stream generation
• Future regulatory actions
• Required use (mandate through standards)
• Interoperability of free open system with
  fee-based encrypted system
• Safety of life applications
• Prevention of misuse
• Open specifications and standards for equal
  worldwide market access
• Spectrum use
• Security service

37
Summary

• GPS is a key component of the global information
  infrastructure
• U.S. is committed to providing GPS service free
  of direct user fees to users worldwide
• Adherence to U.S. principles has led to GPS
  standardization and market growth
• GPS modernization is under way
• U.S. is continuing international outreach to
  further understanding of GPS, its augmentations,
  and its applications
• U.S. is fostering international dialogue to be
  responsive to global user needs

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Backup
39
Public Services

• Transportation infrastructure
• Road Billing Network (ROBIN)
• Snowplows
• Emergency response
• Law enforcement
• Fire fighting
• Search and rescue
• Paramedics
• Disaster relief

40
Aviation

• GPS approved for en-route navigation
• More efficient flight routing leads to fuel
  savings
• Better tracking of aircraft enhances safety
• Closer spacing of planes increases airspace
  capacity
• 710M market by 2003

41
Maritime Navigation

• GPS-based vessel tracking and traffic management
  maximizes effectiveness of waterways
• Improved safety increases maritime commerce
• Maritime DGPS service for enhanced accuracy and
  safety available in 34 countries
• 210M market by 2003

42
Original Equipment Manufacturers

• Chipsets
• Electronic boards
• Antennas, components
• Standalone receivers
• 690M market by 2003

43
Military

• GPS is a recognized NATO standard
• GPS is required on all U.S. military systems
• Precision munitions widely used during Gulf War,
  Kosovo

44
Scientific Research

• Monitoring geological change
• Glaciers, tectonic plates, earthquakes, volcanoes
• Wildlife behavior
• Atmospheric modeling
• Water vapor content
• Oceanic studies
• Tidal patterns
• Surface mapping
• Time transfer

45
Environmental Management

• Forestry
• Wetlands management
• Natural resource management
• Fisheries boundary enforcement
• Endangered species and habitat preservation
• Hazardous material cleanup
• Oil spills, toxic waste

46
Open Pit Mining

• Enhanced management of assets, equipment
• Progress tracked in real-time, remotely
• Improved machine control saves time, lowers
  maintenance and fuel consumption, prevents
  accidents
• Rapid surveying for drilling blast holes
• Smaller, more empowered workforce

47
Space Applications

• Improved orbit and attitude control for
  satellites, International Space Station
• Space Station return vehicle
• Advance Land Observing Satellite uses GPS to
  calibrate high resolution radar maps
• Satellite formation flying
• Space launch range safety

48
Basic Positioning Today
10-20 m

• C/A Code on L1

Before May 2000 25-100 m
49
Basic Positioning Tomorrow
Better resistance to interference
1-5 m
Eliminates need for costly DGPS in many
non-safety applications

• C/A Code on L1
• C/A Code on L2
• New Code on L5

50
Advanced Positioning Today
10 km
2 cm accuracy

• L1 Code and Carrier
• L2 Carrier
• Data Link

51
Advanced Positioning Tomorrow
Faster recovery following signal interruptions
(ex., under bridges)
100 km
2 cm accuracy
Fewer base stations needed

• L1 Code and Carrier
• L2 Code and Carrier
• L5 Code and Carrier
• Data Link

52
GPS Spectrum Importance

• Radio interference affects a wide range of users
  and limits growth of new capabilities and
  applications
• Without backbone GPS signals, derived
  performances and safety of life services will not
  function

53
Spectrum Use

• GPS service frequencies
• Radionavigation satellite signals currently
  provided in two frequency bands 1575 MHZ (L1)
  and 1227 MHz (L2)
• New civil GPS frequencies
• New civil signals to be added at 1227 MHz (L2)
  and 1176 MHz (L5)
• L5 signal to feature higher power and ARNS
  protection to support safety of life navigation
• Three civil signals will increase reliability
• Space-to-space service (satellite control
  positioning)

54
Spectrum Use

• E.U. proposal to overlay L1, L2, and L5
• U.S. primary objective No impact or degradation
  to current users
• Suggested overlay of L5 -- designed to
  accommodate more than one system
• Initial European opposition due to DMEs
• Requested data on Galileo signal structure to
  analyze overlay feasibility
• Requested E.U. plan for use of spectrum already
  planned for Galileo (E1-E6)