COMPUTER PROGRAMMING

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COMPUTER PROGRAMMING

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CONTENTS

• Definition of Programming
• Where Programmers Work
• Popular Jobs in Programming
• What Gets Programmed
• Popular Languages
• The Future of Programming A.I.

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Programming- a list of instructions that tell a
computer what to do.

• Programming Languages Can Tell A Computer to
• Execute a program application
• Perform mathematical calculations/ evaluate
  formulas
• Draw graphs
• Manipulate files or groups of files (copy,
  archive, create/remove directories, etc.
• MORE!

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Programmers experts in writing, testing, and
maintaining the specific instructions computers
follow in order to perform functions.

• Sometimes skilled
• in math (algorithms
• and functions)
• Very disciplined
• Have to follow
• instructions explicitly (time consumption)
• Great problem solvers

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Where Programmers Work

• People with skills in computer programming are
  highly sought after because computers have become
  so important in society. In the workplace,
  computers are nearly indispensable.

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Popular Jobs in Programming

• Computer Software Engineers
• Systems Analysts
• Science and Engineering

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Works at a computer manufacturing company.
SOFTWARE ENGINEER
APPLE
IBM
Dell

• Windows
• Macintosh
• Microsoft Word
• Microsoft Excel

Microsoft
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Systems Analyst

• These computer programmers solve computer
  problems and enable computer technology to meet
  the needs of an organization.
• EXAMPLES IT Professionals and Information
  Systems Experts who design information systems.

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Engineers

• Create and design computer systems that allow
  equipment and machinery to function, improving
  its quality.
• EXAMPLES Aerospace, biomedical, electrical,
  military equipment, so forth.

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What Gets Programmed

• Any device that uses a computer to operate must
  be programmed in order to work.

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PROGRAMMING LANGUAGES

• A formal language in which programs are
  written. A language is defined by its unique
  syntax (how the symbols are combined) and
  semantics (the meaning of the language).

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Languages

• There are literally thousands of computer
  languages.
• Imperative specifies exact steps for the
  computer to follow to get a result.
• Declarative describes relationships between
  terms and variables to get a result.

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EXAMPLES OF EACH

• Imperative BASIC, PASCAL, and C
• Declarative OBERON and PROLOG

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POPULAR PROGRAMMING LANGUAGES

• BASIC one of the original languages
• Designed to be a quick and easy programming
  language for students and beginners
• Popular on microcomputers with sound and graphics
  support
• Has many dialects

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• DARK BASIC excellent visual program
• Extension of the popular BASIC language
• Write programs for games
• Dynamic 3-D game maker

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• VISUAL BASIC
• A GUI that allows you to write a program by
  drawing
• Quick development of MS Win Applications (excel)

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• Main selling point is the ease with which it
  allows the user to create nice looking graphical
  programs because the program generates much of
  the coding itself (self-authoring).

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• JAVA
• To programmers its faster, easier to use and
  more elegant.
• Very portable because it uses a virtual machine.
  The virtual machine makes the JAVA code
  compatible with multiple operating systems.

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• C and C - one of the most widely used
  languages.
• C is a compiled language. Therefore, it requires
  the use of a compiler which translates the
  program into an executable the computer
  understands.
• Gives programmers maximum control and efficiency.

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• PROS versus CONS
• Code executes quickly which allows the programs
  to run quickly
• C language is very non-restrictive. A programmer
  can write instructions that can cause the
  computer to fail catastrophically. Its
  Flexibility has a downside.

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• PROLOG programming
• in logic
• Advanced language
• Basis instructions in human logic
• Has applications in expert systems, computer
  understanding and artificial intelligence.

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Why Prolog Is Different

• Prolog is different from conventional
  languages like Basic, Pascal, and C because it
  does not instruct the computer in procedural
  terms or elementary commands (eg. write, let X
  18, so forth).

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• Instead, Prolog presents a problem to the
  computer in the form logical statements called
  facts and rules. From there Prolog works out a
  solution on its own using logic. The programmer
  doesnt worry about how Prolog solves the
  problem.

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The Future of ProgrammingArtificial Intelligence

• Artificial Intelligence programming computers
  to use knowledge representation based on how
  humans think in order to infer and solve
  problems.
• Even the ability to learn and use language
• Loosely defined as a computer with human
  intelligence or simply performing tasks that
  humans ordinarily would.

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A.I. Today

• There are already computers around that solve
  problems in limited realms. The only limitation
  is that the computers must be programmed to solve
  specific problems because they have no general
  analytical ability.

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Deep Blue

• Chess computer programmed to mimic the human
  thought process and strategy used when playing
  chess.
• Can evaluate and examine up to 200,000,000 chess
  positions per second
• Not a learning system

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CarDesign

• Computers can be programmed to simulate car
  crashes by performing calculations to tell
  engineers exactly what would happen if a car
  crashed and the effect on the human body.

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Information Systems

• Computers that manage the information of
  businesses, model trends, perform calculations,
  make predictions.
• IBM has introduced a new software called DB2
  Version 8 that will allow business info systems
  to fix themselves. IBM terms it autonomic
  computing.

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DB2 Version 8

• Under the design, the servers, software, and
  storage will set themselves up and keep itself
  operating. IBM has configured the software so
  that the systems can monitor themselves, analyze
  data, predict and prevent trouble, and fix
  disruptions if they occur. A programmer sets
  rules.

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Weather Models

• Data is input into parallel computing models
  to forecast future weather based on rules and
  facts.
• 5- Day forecasts
• Climate Projections

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Kismet M.I.T.

• A robot created at M.I.T.s artificial
  intelligence lab is able to recognize human body
  language and voice inflection and responds
  accordingly.

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• Challenges
• Natural Language Processing a chief problem of
  A.I. due to the complexity and irregularities of
  human language.
• Computer Vision getting computers to understand
  the meaning of and interpret images from the real
  world as a human would.

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