Cambodia

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Cambodias Initial National Communication to the
UNFCCC
Kingdom of Cambodia Ministry of Environment

• Prepared for the Eighth Conference of the Parties
  (CoP-8)
• Presented by Mr. Ung Seng,
• Director of the Ministers Cabinet
• Ministry of Environment

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STRUCTURE OF THE PRESENTATION

• 1. Introduction
• 2. National Circumstances
• 3. National Greenhouse Gas Inventory for 1994
• 4. Greenhouse Gas Projection
• 5. Analysis of Climate Change Mitigation
• 6. Vulnerability and Adaptation Assessment
• 7. Government Plans, Policies and Measures
• 8. Research and Systematic Observation
• 9. Education, Training and Public Participation
• 10. Financial Resources, Technology Transfer and
  Capacity
• Building
• 11. Problem/Constrains

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1. Introduction

• Cambodia ratified the UNFCCC on 18 December 1995.
  The UNFCCC entered into force on 17 March 1996
• The National Communication was prepared with
  support from the UNDP/GEF-sponsored Cambodia's
  Climate Change Enabling Activity Project (CCEAP)
  in collaboration with other concerned agencies
• UNDP/GEFs financial supports for preparation of
  National Communication was US325,480
• Ministry of Environment is the National Focal
  Point of the UNFCCC and the implementing agency
  of the CCEAP

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1. Introduction (cont.)

• The three-year CCEAP project started in January
  1999 with the objective of assisting Cambodia in
  preparing its First National Communication in
  response to the UNFCCC
• Preparation of the Initial National Communication
  is the first step taken by the government in the
  actual implementation of the UNFCCC in Cambodia
• The Initial National Communication of Cambodia
  consists of the following chapters (1)
  Nationals Circumstances (2) GHG inventory for
  1994 (3) GHG projection and Mitigation analysis
  (4) Vulnerability and Adaptation Assessment (5)
  Government Plans, Policy and Measures (6)
  Research and Systematic Observation (7)
  Education, Training and Public Participation and
  (8) Financial Resources, Technology Transfer and
  Capacity Building.

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2. National Circumstances

• Geography located in Southeast Asia between
  latitudes 100 and 150 N and longitudes 1020 and
  1080 E, total area of 181,035 km2.
• Climate governed by monsoon and characterized
  by two major seasons rainy and dry season. The
  annual average temperature is 28oC, with a
  maximum average of 38oC in April, and a minimum
  average of 17oC in January.
• Population 8.60 million in 1990 9.87 million
  in 1994 and 11.44 million in 1998. The annual
  growth rate for 1998 is 2.49. The urban
  population contributed 15.7 of the total
  population of Cambodia. In 1998, 36 of the
  population lived below the poverty line.
• Human Health the direct impact of the climate
  on human health is significant. Malaria and
  dengue fever are the two most important
  mosquito-borne diseases, which are found in
  Cambodia.

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2. National Circumstances (cont.)

• Political and Decision-Making Structure A
  constitutional monarchy (the King is the Head of
  State who reigns but does not govern). The
  country has a democratic multi-party system. The
  Prime Minister is the head of the government.
• Natural Resources Cambodias natural resource
  wealth lies in the rivers and lakes, the
  terrestrial and inundated forests, the inland and
  coastal fisheries, pockets of volcanic soils and
  gemstones (the sapphire-ruby-zircon gems of
  Pailin).
• Water Resources Cambodia is rich in water
  resources the Mekong River and the Tonle Sap
  system. The Mekong is the twelfth longest river
  in the world. The central part of Cambodia is
  occupied by the Tonle Sap lake which is an
  overflow system of the Mekong River.

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2. National Circumstances (cont.)

• Forests Dryland and edaphic forests. Dryland
  forests consist of evergreen, coniferous,
  deciduous, mixed, and secondary forests, whereas
  edaphic forests include flooded forest, flooded
  secondary and mangrove. In 1998, total area of
  forests was about 58 of total countrys land
  area. The total protected area is 18 of the
  countrys area.
• Biodiversity 130 species of mammals, more than
  600 species of birds, more than 2,300 vascular
  plants and an unknown number of reptiles and
  amphibians.
• Agriculture provides direct employment to
  approximately 80 of the labor force.
  Agricultural land is 4,079,464 ha in 1994. Rice
  is the staple food.

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2. National Circumstances (cont.)

• Energy. Cambodia uses relatively little
  commercial energy per person 44 kg of oil
  equivalent per capita for 1994. The country
  imports 100 of the required petroleum products
  from countries in the region (about 415.67
  kilotonnes in 1994). Woodfuel and other biomass
  are the major energy sources for cooking for
  Cambodian people, especially in rural areas (over
  85 of the total national energy supply in 1994).

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2. National Circumstances for 1994 (cont.)
Table 1 General information on National
Circumstances
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3. National Greenhouse Gas Inventory for 1994

• Base year for the inventory is 1994
• The preparation of the inventory is based on the
  Revised 1996 IPCC Guidelines
• Activity data some are available from government
  ministries
• Emission factors default data from the IPCC
  Guidelines were mainly used. No local emission
  factors exist
• The inventory covers three main greenhouse gases
  (GHGs) carbon dioxide (CO2), methane (CH4) and
  nitrous oxide (N2O)
• The GHG emission and removal were estimated for 5
  major sectors Energy, Industrial Processes,
  Agriculture, Waste, and LUCF.

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3. National Greenhouse Gas Inventory for 1994
(cont.)
Table 2 Summary of 1994 Cambodias GHG emission
and uptake (Gg)
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3. National Greenhouse Gas Inventory for 1994
(cont.)
Figure 1 (a) Share of the Three Main GHGs (b)
Total CO2 Equivalent Emissions by Sectors
(a)
(b)
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4. Greenhouse Gas Emission Projection

• The projection of GHG emissions was done for the
  energy, agriculture, wastes and LUCF. The
  industrial process was not taken into account for
  the projection due to unavailability of data.
• The projection indicated that in 2000 Cambodia
  was already a net emitter of GHGs with
  approximately 6,244 Gg of CO2-eqv. of GHG
  emissions.
• In 2020, the net emissions would increase to
  approximately 43,848 Gg of CO2-eqv.
• LUCF would remain the main source of emissions
  (63.0), followed by agriculture (27.5) and
  energy (9.0).

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5. Analysis of Climate Change Mitigation

• Reduction of GHG is not mandatory for Cambodia.
  However, many government activities and measures
  have already contributed to the global efforts to
  limit GHG emissions and develop GHG sinks (eg.,
  forest protection and reforestation).
• Three main sectors were taken into account for
  analysis (1) Energy and transport, (2) LUCF, and
  (3) Agriculture
• Some options were evaluated and identified
• Energy and transport sector
• Combined cycle gas turbine
• Hydropower
• Phnom Penh city shuttles
• Improve cook stove
• Compact fluorescent
• Mass transit for rural areas

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5. Analysis of Climate Change Mitigation (cont.)

• Forestry sector
• Five mitigation options were evaluated under each
  scenario
• using COMAP (Comprehensive Mitigation Analysis
  Process
• model)
• forest protection (FP)
• reforestation with short rotation (RSR)
• reforestation with long rotation (RLR)
• reforestation without rotation using fast (RFG)
  and
• slow growing species.

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5. Analysis of Climate Change Mitigation (cont.)

• Agriculture sector The mitigation options
  evaluated for the agriculture sector only covered
  rice paddies
• intermittent irrigation applied to dry season
  rice
• direct seeded applied in both dry and wet
  seasons
• organic matter management applied for both
  seasons and
• zero tillage applied in both seasons.

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6. Vulnerability and Adaptation Assessment

• The assessment was conducted for four sectors
  (1) agriculture (rice production), (2) forestry,
  (3) human health, and (4) coastal zone.
• Proposed adaptation measures
• Agriculture
• Improvement of genetic or development of new high
  yielding varieties
• Improvement of crop management and cultural
  practices
• Development of capacity to adapt to current
  extreme climate such as development of early
  warning system
• Development of irrigation facilities
• Diversification of food crops.

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6. Vulnerability and Adaptation Assessment (cont.)

• Proposed adaptation measures
• Forestry
• Forest plantation establishment
• Conservation of protected area
• Establishment of appropriate legal framework,
  policies, and procedures for planning,
  management, monitoring, enforcement, and
  community participation in protected areas
• Improvement of forest resource management.
• Human health (malaria)
• Control measures with focus on the reduction of
  malaria mortality and morbidity through early
  diagnosis and treatment of the disease
• Programs for health education with focus on the
  most critical causes of disease watercourses and
  containers where mosquitoes breed and personal
  habits
• Improvement of general education to diminish
  malaria incidents.

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6. Vulnerability and Adaptation Assessment (cont.)

• Proposed adaptation measures
• Coastal zone
• Develop a strategic response measures to sea
  level rise for the coastal areas
• Investigate further potential impacts of sea
  level rise on biogeophysical, socio-economy,
  marine resources, freshwater, infrastructure,
  human settlements, and agricultural production
• Formulate a comprehensive adjustment and
  mitigation policy for sea level rise in the
  context of integrated coastal zone management
• Develop computer-based information systems
  covering the results of surveys, assessments and
  observations to minimize the impact of sea level
  rise
• Increase public awareness on the effect of sea
  level rise on Cambodias coast.

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7. Government Plans, Policies and Measures

• Legal and Policy Frameworks
• Institutional Framework
• Programmes/Plans Related to Sustainable
  Development
• International Conventions
• World Heritage Sites
• Climate Change Policy.

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8. Research and Systematic Observation

• Data Collection and Monitoring
• - Meteorology and Hydrology
• - Land Use Change and Forest Cover Data
• - Agricultural Data
• - Census Data.
• Research
• - Climate Research
• - Donor Support to Environment and Natural
• Resource Research
• - NGO Support to Research in the Environment
  Sector.

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9. Education, Training and Public Participation

• Education and training specifically relating to
  climate change is still limited
• General courses relating to climate change, air
  pollution climate change issues, global
  warming, ozone layer depletion, and acid ozone
  layer depletion, and acid rf universities
• So far, there have been no researches on climate
  change related issues in Cambodia beside CCEAP
• MoE, a number of NGOs and local media have been
  organizing various programmes to promote better
  understanding among the general public and policy
  makers about environment which also includes
  climate change

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10. Financial Resources, Technology Transfer and
Capacity Building

• Financial Resources
• Donor Support to Climate Change Activities
• Technology Transfer
• - Domestic barries to technology transfer
• - External barries to technology transfer
• Capacity Building.

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11. Problem/constrains

• Preparation of the First National Communication
  is the first-ever climate change-related project
  in Cambodia, no previous experiences
• Relatively low technical capacity of local staff
• Lack of local data/information and local emission
  factors for GHG inventory
• Language barrier
• Limited budget
• Lack of relevant experts available in the country
• Research activities related to climate change are
  very limited.

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Please visit our website www.camclimate.org.kh
Thank you.