King Fahad University of Petroleum and Minerals Construction Contracting

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King Fahad University of Petroleum and Minerals
Construction Contracting Admin. CEM-520

• FACTORS AFFECTING CONSTRUCTION
  PRACTICIES in
• MAKKAH
• Presented
• For Dr . Saadi Assaf
• By Abdulatif AlHuwail
• 523041

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ABSTRACT

• Construction is a complex industry which
  involves various factors .
• The construction industry is very much
  customer-oriented
• Identify, discuss and analyze factors affect
  construction practices in Makkah ( the Holy City
  )
• Provide information facilitate the decision
  making of the constructors during the planning
  phase
• preliminary questionnaire detailed survey
  identified the eleven major factors affecting
  construction practices in MAKKAH ..
• All data was statistically analyzed by the
  statistical analysis system package ( SAS).
• These factors increase the cost of the
  construction projects by more than 20.
• A set of recommendations given and topics for
  further studies were suggested to improve this
  practices .

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INTRODUCTION

• 1.2 problem
• Makkah lies on coastal plain (Tehama) which meets
  HEJAZ mountain range
• Aligned a series of wadies within granite hills .
  
• Average summer maximum temperature of 44 degrees
• The extraordinary position of Makkah must be
  realized and appreciated. (Holy city of Muslims )
  
• Natural desire to live near the Haram has led to
  the use of all available space to provide living
  and shopping facilities .
• 1.3 previous studies
• Hazem ibrahim ,s
• States construction industry in the Arab states
  is affected by two factors -
• The shortage of builing materials
• Shortage occurring in the labor market
• Mohammed Al-jarallah
• great development in the saudi construction
  industry has contributed to a series of problems

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INTRODUCTION cont.

• 1. Economical problems
• Due to great demand on the construction industry
  , the rate of inflation jumped to a very high
  level .
• 2. Social problems
• Foreigners simply do not socialize with Saudis
  and , consequently, remain very much isolated
  from the society .
• Tremendous effect on their length of stay and
  also on their productivity .
• 3. Technical problems
• Related to the local geotechnical formation
  Harsh desert climatic conditions.
• 4. Legal and Management problems
• Planned to be executed on accelerated
  construction schedules .
• Foreign contractors, Try to use imported control
  systems that ignore local conditions.
• Authors knowledge,
• No previous detailed work done to identify the
  factors affecting the construction practices in a
  large, important city as Makkah

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Objective Methodology

• 1.4 objective
• To identify, and analyze the factors affecting
  contraction practices in Makkah ,Saudi Arabia .
• Make general recommendations and to suggest
  topics for further studies.
• 1.5 steps, procedures and Methodology .
• 1- preliminary questionnaire, resulted in
  determining the major (eleven) factors
• UNLESS such factors are well defined and analyzed
  by the constructors, they will continue to affect
  different construction costs in Makkah .
• 2- detailed questionnaires to contractors,
  consultants government officers in Makkah .

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Methodology (cont.)

• Examined each factor identified in the
  preliminary Questionnaire and how it affects
  planning and scheduling, duration time , manpower
  , materials ,machines and the different costs. (
  appendix A )
• 3. interviews with well-established constructors
  persons from government and construction
  companies were done and documented .
• 4. information and data of plans , charts and
  figures were collected and studied,
• 5. the questionnaires were collected and
  statiscally Analyzed followed by discussion of
  the survey results .
• 6. summary and some conclusions and
  recommendations were developed and are presented
  .
• 1.6 SCOPE
• This research is limited to the identification of
  the Most relevant factors that affect
  construction practices in Makkah Saudi Arabia .

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Discussion of the FACTORS

• These FACTORS were identified by the preliminary
  questionnaire and after many interviews the
  author did with contractors in Makkah .
• 2.1 Location and Topography .
• The city is situated in an area of crystalline
  granitic rocks. Makkah has the shape of star with
  the Holy Mosque located in the center .
• The topography in Makkah increases the different
  costs of the Construction project since it
  affects the type and size of used equipment,
  Construction techniques and project duration time
• 2.2 structure and Building Tissues ,
• city containing the KAABA as very defined and
  recognizable focal point has led to the use of
  all available space . Muslim natural desire to
  live near KAABA
• rapid development has resulted in urban pattern
  of widely scattered areas of very compact
  development with large tracts of vacant, hilly
  land between them .
• Sites on the steep sides of the mountain, it is
  impossible for any kind of vehicle to reach sonly
  by manual labor and donkeys,such methods cost
  many times more than any where else with other
  conditions

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Discussion of the FACTORS

• 2.3 climate and Temperature
• Makkah has an average summer maximum temperature
  of 44 degrees centigrade , Coupled with the lack
  of circulating air .
• Affects the laborers productivity , increases the
  overhead cost when to provide sufficient air
  conditioning for offices and for the residential
  facilities for labourers .
• Construction equipment Productivity will be less
  and it will require additional maintenance and
  special treatment .
• Concrete is affected by the weather Problems
  concern the mixing, placing curing of the
  concrete which adds extra costs to the project .
• 2.4 Building Laws and Regulation .
• There are numerous violation to the regulation
  and a large number of building are built without
  proper permission especially in the hilly areas .
• Existing development control system presents
  the following Deficiencies
• No effective control is exercised on land use in
  buildings .
• Zoning regulations are not always properly and
  fully enforced, especially with respect to
  additional stories.

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Discussion of the FACTORS

• 2.5 The Comprehensive Plan (Master Plan)
• An official document adopted by a local
  government as a policy guide to decisions about
  the physical development of the community in the
  next 20 to 30 years .
• In 1972, the main proposals of the master plan
  prepared byt Robert Matthew , john Marshall and
  partners ( RMJM ) .
• In April 1985, Dar AL-Handasah Consultants and
  Saudi consulting Group, Published the new
  comprehensive Development plan for Makkah region.
• 2.6 coordination problems among Agencies .
• Some Agencies conducted separate planning studies
  and preferred to carry out their own projects
  standards and layouts that were different to
  those advocated in the Master plan .
• Proper coordination between government and
  private agencies requires real effort and
  frequent meetings
• Daily contacts are needed to ensure that all
  works are conducted according to the approved
  programmers and time schedules .

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Discussion of the FACTORS

• Coordination between Makkah ,s Municipality and
  local agencies was not efficient completely
  lacking , Due to the following Reasons
• Government agencies did not abide by the programs
  and projects proposed by the RMJM Master plan
• Agencies did not adopt a common methodology to
  define priorities for the implementation of
  projects.
• No common or agreed upon programmers clearly
  defining time schedules and fixed completion
  dates for projects .
• If proper coordination between the public
  agencies had been maintained , all infrastructure
  could have been provided to each area in turn
  within a shorter period of time .
• The higher coordination committee will prepare
  all the necessary maps including details of all
  existing and proposed infrastructure projects .

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Discussion of the FACTORS

• 2.7 LandOwnership problems
• Unauthorized occupation of lands are major
  reasons for delaying the different public and
  private construction projects
• More than twothirds of the total cost of some
  public projects might be in a suit of
  compensations to land owners . .
• The price of land is very expensive in Makkah,
  cost of the horizontal construction projects.
  Especially roads, is three times greater than
  similar projects in other cities in the kingdom,
• 2.8 Restriction on Non Muslim Labor
• Construction industry in Arabia suffers from
  labor shortages . Labor cost are a major factor
  affecting construction cost in Saudi Arabia .
• The author believes that the restriction on
  nonMuslim labor to enter the Holy city does not
  affect the development of Makkah, it affect the
  construction practices as it reduces the number
  of competitive bidders which increases the cost
  of the bid.

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Discussion of the FACTORS

• 2.9 The Month of Ramadhan and Umrah Season
• Standard work week becomes 36 hours but workers
  are paid for a full 48 hours The productivity of
  the fasting laborers is less than normal during
  the daytime .
• Companies change starting and finishing times of
  the working day during Ramadhan . Reducing
  efficiency of the work .
• The construction projects located near the Haram
  are stopped during the last half of Ramadhan.
• 2.10 HaJJ
• There are negative effects and positive effects
  of Hajj on construction which should be
  identified and carefully considered .
• see ( Fig 2.3 )

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Discussion of the FACTORS
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Discussion of the FACTORS

• 2.11Government Budget Time Conflict
• The country's general budget announce every year
  on the first of Rajab .
• Government's General Budget influences the
  planning of all construction work in the public
  projects .
• Time of the general budget issuance conflicts
  with the time of Umrah and Hajj seasons which
  starts from the Rajab .
• Starting from the year 1986,the Government budget
  will be announced on the 22 nd of December every
  year

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Chapter 3 The Survey Result

• On the basis of the results of Preliminary
  questionnaire many interviews ,The Author
  designed the Detailed questionnare.
• The Detailed questionnaire
• Consist of 3 major parts
• The First about the respondent
• Area of study .
• Relation with Construction .
• Nature of work .
• Years of working experience in MAKKAH .
• Type of Construction working in .

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The Survey Result

• The second the major part
• Six question about each Factor ,How it Affects
• Planning scheduling .
• Duration time .
• Manpower.
• Materials .
• Machines .
• Different Costs .
• The Third contains 2 questions
• The percentage in which the factor affect the
  Cost .
• Ask the responds to write any Comments or
  Recommendations .

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The Statistical Result

• The Author distributed 120 quest. Mainly to
  Contractors , Consultants governmental officers
  .
• Received 64 correct quest. Were statically
  analyzed by SAS to find
• Ordinary Frequency .
• Cross frequency .
• Standard Deviation .
• Means of the Results .
• Following pages includes a summary of Results
  Discussion about each factor.

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Discussion of Statistical Results

• Each question given five different answers a
  Value from 1 5 as shown in the table
• Option Value
  Range
• Strongly Affects 1 1.0
  1.5
• Moderately Affects 2 1.6
  2.5
• Slightly Affects 3
  2.6 3.5
• Dose not Affect 4 3.6
  4.0
• No opinion 5
  gt 4.0
• 92 Civil or Arch .
• 8 Mech. Elec.
• 61 Contractors or Consultants .
• 39 Governmental Off. Or Owners .

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Means of FACTORS

• FACTOR
  Means
• Location Topography . 1.87
• Hajj.
  2.11
• Structure building Tissue. 2.12
• Coordination Problem .
  2.29
• Government Budget .
  2.36
• Ramadhan
  2.52
• Restriction on Non-muslim . 2.63
• Lands Ownership.
  2.67
• Climate weather .
  2.70
• Master Plan availability .
  2.96
• Building Laws Regulation . 2.97
• Average Means 2.66

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Percentage of Increasing Cost ( PIC )

• Respondent Ratio
  increasing cost
• 20.31 11
  15
• 34.33 16
  20
• 45.31 More than
  20

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CONCLUSION

• The eleven factors are categorized into two Kinds
  temporary factors permanent factors (seasonal
  non-seasonal )

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CONCLUSION cont.

• The temporary factors mostly affect the planning
  and scheduling of the project , duration Time
  finally increases the costs the projects.
• Permanent factors seem to affect some locations
  .machines material manpower first as a
  result, the duration time different costs .
• Temporary factors affect construction practices
  throughout the entire city .
• These factors are increasing the cost of projects
  more than 20 .
• The continuous development of the city , with
  great demand for construction , creates an urgent
  need for serious studies and research in this
  field of knowledge

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General Recommendations

• 1- need for Establishing a construction
  research center in Saudi Arabia for data
  collection , analysis, and documentation ,
• 2- All constructors in Makkah should be concerned
  about factors previously mentioned and they
  should consider them primarily during the
  estimating and the planning phases . .
• 3- More effective management methods and
  techniques are required to improve the
  construction environment in Makkah .
• 4- the Hajji as a unique and an extraordinary
  event will still positively and negatively affect
  construction in Makkah .
• 5- the month of Ramadan should also be considered
  during the planning phase in all construction
  projects in Saudi Arabia . .
• 6- Only serious, efficient and well managed
  construction companies will survive in Makkah,
  they should do their research to improve
  efficiency .

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Recommendation for Further Studies

• The following areas need further study
• 1- Studies on the effect of hot weather on the
  performance of the materials and the productivity
  of the manpower . .
• 2- Hajj and its effects on construction practices
  in Makkah . Effective planning and scheduling
  methods and techniques are needed very urgently .
  
• 3- the land- ownership problems in Makkah must be
  studied .
• 4- studies to construct mathematical models to
  estimate the effects of such factors on the
  construction costs in Makkah are suggested .
• 5- it is very important to reduce safety hazards
  which may be caused by construction practices in
  the city . An urgent need to establish a
  construction safety stanard for Makkah and the
  Holy places .