56th VFW Air Defense Threatbook

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56th VFW Air Defense Threatbook
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Strategic and Tactical SAMs These systems
are designed to use either radar or infrared as
the primary sensor during aircraft engagement.
There are four different types of radar
guidance Command Guidance Missile commands are
generated externally and up-linked to the
missile. The missile has no seeker. In general,
this requires both the missile and the target be
tracked to determine the necessary intercept
commands. Semi-Active Homing The target is
illuminated by an external source. A receiver in
the missile uses the reflected radiation from the
target to generate internal guidance commands,
thus homing on the target. Ground-Aided
Inertial The missile receives uplinked target
location data. The missile uses this information,
in conjunction with its inertial navigation
system, to generate its own guidance
commands. Seeker-Aided Ground Guidance
(SAGG)/Track-Via-Missile (TVM) The target is
illuminated by the ground-based radar and the
missile receives reflected energy from the
target. Unlike conventional semi-active homing,
the missile does not generate its own guidance
commands. Instead, the missile transmits raw
engagement data to the ground-based fire control
system in order to generate and uplink guidance
commands. TVM is similar to SAGG, however,
additional processing is done onboard the missile
prior to transmitting the engagement data to the
ground based fire control system.
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SA-2 GUIDELINE Overview The combat
proven SA-2 has been deployed in greater numbers
than any other FSU SAM except the SA-7. The SA-2
is designed for use against medium to high
altitude aircraft, such as bombers, and is simple
and easy to operate with minimum specialized
training. The SA-2s FAN SONG fire control radar
has been continuously updated to increase its
performance and EP capability, although it
historically has required a high number of
missiles launched per kill. FAN SONG F
incorporates an EO package to allow optical
tracking of targets in heavy EA environments.
Iraq has modified some of its SA-2 stockpile to
accept an infrared homing seeker. Exports
Afghanistan, Albania, Algeria, Angola,
Armenia, Belarus, Bosnia-Herzegovina, Bulgaria,
China, Cuba, Czech Republic, Egypt, Ethiopia,
Georgia, Hungary, India, Iran, Iraq, Kazakhstan,
Kyrgyzstan, North Korea, Libya, Mongolia,
Mozambique, Pakistan, Peru, Poland,
Romania, Slovakia, Sudan, Syria, Tajikistan,
Ukraine, Uzbekistan, Vietnam, and Yemen,
Yugoslavia.
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SA-2 GUIDELINE Breakdown SA-2 (Almaz
S-75 Dvina/Volkhov) Guideline This is a
static shelter mounted SAM system designated as
the S-75, and the missile is designated as the
V-750. First blooded on 1 May 1960 against Gary
Powers U-2, the SA-2 system has been upgraded
repeatedly over the years, and has been
indigenously produced by PRC under the
designation HQ-2. The missile consists of a
booster section with four large fins, and has a
liquid fuel sustainer motor, with four powered
fins at the tail end for control. The solid
fuel booster will burn for 4.5 seconds to lift
the weapon away from the launcher, and is then
jettisoned, before the sustainer motor (with a 22
second burn time) takes over. The missile will
reach its maximum velocity only when it reaches
an altitude of approximately 24,000 feet. Missile
guidance is provided by the Fan Song E/F-band
missile guidance radar, capable of controlling up
to two missiles in flight. The missile receives
guidance signal from four rear facing dielectric
aerials. Target acquisition is usually provided
by the P-8 Dolphin Knife-Rest A or Spoon Rest
early warning search radars. Destruction of the
Fan Song missile guidance radar will shut down
the SAM site.
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SA-2 GUIDELINE Avoidance/Defense
The missile has an engagement range of up to
13nm., and an engagement altitude of
approximately 70,000 feet. When facing self
protection jamming, the effective range is
reduced to 6 7nm.. The minimum range is
approximately 2 3nm., with a minimum firing
altitude of 1,200 feet (usually). The missile is
relatively easy to out-maneuver if you spot it
early enough, and have sufficient airspeed. A
hard turn of 6 7g into the missile and
dispensing chaff will usually defeat the missile,
due to the low maneuvering potential. Conclusion
The Fan Song radar has some degree of
moving target capability, and is slightly
more resistant to chaff than the SA-3 and the
SA-5. However, this should not cause too
much problems as the electronic capabilities of
this old system has been well compromised.
The long range of the HARM should allow strike
packages to neutralize the SA-2 threat
from beyond its effective engagement range. As
long as you are able to achieve this during the
first wave of attack across the FLOT, the SA-2
should not be much of a threat.
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SA-2 GUIDELINE
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SA-3 GOA Like the SA-2, the FSU SA-3 is placed
in semi-fixed positions and is normally used in
rear areas. Optimized for low to medium altitude
engagements, it is commonly deployed with the
SA-2 to provide full coverage air defense. The
SA-3 is fired from a two or four missile
launcher. The LOW BLOW radar provides fire
control for the system. FLAT FACE and SQUAT EYE
are the primary acquisition radars. A SIDE NET
height-finding radar can also be deployed with
SA-3. LOW BLOW can engage one target with two
missiles. For operation in a jamming environment,
later versions of the LOW BLOW have been
fitted with TV optics that have a 15.5nm
range. Exports Afghanistan, Algeria, Angola,
Armenia, Belarus, Bulgaria, Czech Republic, Cuba,
Egypt, Ethiopia, Finland, Georgia, Hungary,
India, Iraq, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, North Korea,
Libya, Mali, Moldova, Mozambique, Peru, Poland,
Russia, Syria, Tajikistan, Tanzania,
Turkmenistan, Ukraine, Uzbekistan, Vietnam,
Yemen, Yugoslavia and Zambia.
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SA-3 GOA
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