SP 111

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Welcome to Class ?

• Dr. Brennan

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Conversation

• Five Stages - The Opening
• Greeting
• Reciprocated

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Conversation

• Five Stages - Feedforward
• Focus of Conversation
• Identify Tone

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Conversation

• Five Stages - Business
• Substance of Conversation
• Exchange of Roles
• No Permanent Record

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Conversation

• Five Stages - Feedback
• Signal End of Business
• May Backup to Business if not Finished

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Conversation

• Five Stages - Closing
• Signals End of Conversation
• Express Pleasure in Interaction
• Leave-Taking Cues

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Conversation

• Maintaining Conversations
• Conversational Turns
• Speaker Cues
• Turn-Maintaining
• Turn-Yielding

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Conversation

• Maintaining Conversations
• Listener Cues
• Turn-Requesting
• Turn-Denying
• Backchanneling

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Conversation

• Reflections on the Model of Conversation
• Not All Conversations Fall into Pattern
• Lengths of Stages can Vary
• Conversational Competence Affects Interpersonal
  Attractiveness

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Conversation

• Repairing Conversational Problems
• Excuses
• I Didnt Do It
• It Wasnt So Bad
• Yes, But
• Motive for Excuses
• Good and Bad Excuses

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Conversation

• Conversation Skills
• Mindfulness
• Be Open to New Information
• Beware of Relying too Heavily on First Impressions

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Conversation

• Conversation Skills
• Flexibility - Realize...
• No two Situations or People are the Same
• Communication Takes Place in Context
• Everything is in State of Flux
• Every Situation offers Different Option

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Conversation

• Metacommunicating
• Explain feelings
• Paraphrase
• Use talk to examine communication patterns

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Nonverbal Communication
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Nonverbal Communication

• What is nonverbal communication?

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Nonverbal Communication

• What is nonverbal communication?
• The information we communicate without using
  words.

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Researchers have suggested

• That as much as 93 of communication is
  nonverbal.

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Researchers have suggested

• That as much as 93 of communication is
  nonverbal.
• 55 of communication is sent through facial
  expressions, posture and gestures.

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Researchers have suggested

• That as much as 93 of communication is
  nonverbal.
• 55 of communication is sent through facial
  expressions, posture and gestures.
• 38 of communication is sent through tone of
  voice.

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Researchers have suggested

• That as much as 93 of communication is
  nonverbal.
• 55 of communication is sent through facial
  expressions, posture and gestures.
• 38 of communication is sent through tone of
  voice.

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Volunteers please?

• I need your assistance ?

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Space and Distance - Proxemics.

• Proxemics how we use space and distance.

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Space and Distance - Proxemics.

• Proxemics how we use space and distance.
• Edward T. Hall - 4 Distance Zones
• 1. Public Zone 12 feet

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Space and Distance - Proxemics.

• Proxemics how we use space and distance.
• Edward T. Hall - 4 Distance Zones
• 1. Public Zone
• 2. Social Zone 4-12 feet

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Space and Distance - Proxemics.

• Proxemics how we use space and distance.
• Edward T. Hall - 4 Distance Zones
• 1. Public Zone
• 2. Social Zone
• 3. Personal Zone 18 inches 4 feet

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Space and Distance - Proxemics.

• Proxemics how we use space and distance.
• Edward T. Hall - 4 Distance Zones
• 1. Public Zone
• 2. Social Zone
• 3. Personal Zone
• 4. Intimate Zone 0 -18 inches

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Nonverbal Communication

• Influences on Space Communication
• Gender
• Age
• Personality
• Familiarity

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Verbal and nonverbal communication differs in
seven important ways.
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Verbal and nonverbal communication differs in
seven important ways.

• 1. Environment Unlike verbal communication,
  nonverbal communication can take place when we
  arent around for people to get an impression of
  us.
• Example Room or homes we live in tell a good
  deal about us the pictures of family members,
  the books/magazines on the coffee table, the
  posters/pictures on the wall.

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• The environment we choose can also tell about us.
  If you take a date out for him/her birthday,
  you send a message if you go to a posh restaurant
  with low lighting, plush carpet with velvet
  cushion seats, and a menu you hold in your hand.
  
• You give another message if you take your date to
  a place with fluorescent lighting, plastic
  chairs, tile floors and the menu posted on the
  wall. You not only send a message to your date
  of what you think of him/her, but also something
  about you.

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Verbal and nonverbal communication differs in
seven important ways.

• 2. Feedback In the communication process, we
  send feedback.
• In nonverbal communication we nod our heads,
  smile, look at our watches, etc. Body posture or
  positioning is also important feedback.
• In verbal communication feedback is spoken or
  written.

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Verbal and nonverbal communication differs in
seven important ways.

• 3. Continuity Unlike verbal communication,
  which begins and ends with words, nonverbal
  communication is continuous.
• Example, in a store, a woman picks up and puts
  down a loaf of bread and gives the impression
  that she cant make up her mind.
• A man waiting in line shifting his feet and
  juggling the coins in his pockets shows hes in a
  hurry.

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Verbal and nonverbal communication differs in
seven important ways.

• 4. Channel Nonverbal communication uses
  multiple channels.
• Verbal communication uses one channel.
• The five senses sight, sound, taste, touch and
  smell.

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Verbal and nonverbal communication differs in
seven important ways.

• 5. Control Nonverbal communication has little
  control.
• Verbal communication has more control.
• For example People cannot lie in their nonverbal
  communication but can lie verbally.

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Verbal and nonverbal communication differs in
seven important ways.

• 6. Structure Verbal communication has rules
  that govern the correct use of language.
• Unstructured - Nonverbal communication has little
  structure or rules and is spontaneous. Usually
  norm driven and used.

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Verbal and nonverbal communication differs in
seven important ways.

• 7. Acquisition Nonverbal communication is not
  taught, people pick it up through imitating
  others.
• Verbal communication is formally taught.

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Verbal and nonverbal communication differs in
seven important ways.

• 1. Environment
• 2. Feedback
• 3. Continuity
• 4. Channel
• 5. Control
• 6. Structure
• 7. Acquisition

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Nonverbal Communication

• Integrating Verbal and Nonverbal
• 1. Nonverbal Cues Accent What A Person Is
  Saying.
• For example, pointing when giving someone
  directions tone of voice, energy, posture.

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Nonverbal Communication

• Integrating Verbal and Nonverbal
• 2. Nonverbal Cues Complement Verbal Messages By
  Adding Meaning.
• For example Im sorry pat on the back or I
  love you hug the person

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Nonverbal Communication

• Integrating Verbal and Nonverbal
• 3. Nonverbal Cues Contradict Verbal Messages.
• Intentional cross your fingers or winking to
  indicate that you are lying
• Unintentional child falls and scrapes his/her
  knee grabbing the knee, with tears in eyes
  saying, Im ok!

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Nonverbal Communication

• Integrating Verbal and Nonverbal
• 4. Nonverbal Cues Regulate Also Regulate
  Verbal Communication.
• Example During a conversation with your boss
  you can tell the conversation is coming to an end
  when your boss stands up out of his/her chair or
  shifts papers on the desk.

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Nonverbal Communication

• Integrating Verbal and Nonverbal
• 5. Nonverbal Cues Repeat Verbal Messages.
• Example With raised eyebrows and a questioning
  look or motion with your head or hand and repeat
  your verbal message, Are you alright?

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Nonverbal Communication

• Integrating Verbal and Nonverbal
• 6. Nonverbal Cues Substitute For Verbal
  Messages.
• Example You get a dirty look from your
  significant other when you arrive home late.
• You send balloons and flowers to that someone
  special.
• Neighbor waves as you pull out of the driveway.

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Nonverbal Communication

• Integrating Verbal and Nonverbal
• Nonverbal Cues Accent
• Nonverbal Cues Complement
• Nonverbal Cues Contradict
• Nonverbal Cues Regulate
• Nonverbal Cues Repeat
• Nonverbal Cues Substitute For

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The principles of nonverbal communication

• Four principles underlie the workings of
  nonverbal communication.
• 1. Nonverbal comm. is culturally determined
• 2. Nonverbal messages may conflict with verbal
  messages
• 3. Nonverbal messages are largely subconscious
• 4. Nonverbals show our feelings and attitudes

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Types of Nonverbal communication
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Types of Nonverbal communication

• Paralanguage the way we say something.
• Rate speed at which one speaks can have an
  effect on the way a message is received. People
  speak at rates that vary from 125 words per
  minute to 200 wpm.
• Scholars argue that the faster someone speaks the
  more competent they seem. Of course, the listener
  may not be able to understand what the speaker is
  saying.

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Types of Nonverbal communication

• Paralanguage the way we say something.
• Pitch highness and lowness of the voice. Some
  people feel high-pitched voices are not very
  pleasant, but low-pitched voices are seen as
  insecure or shy.

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Types of Nonverbal communication

• Paralanguage the way we say something.
• Volume Loud/soft level of vocal quality.
• Vocal Fillers Non words such as uh, er,
  um, you know, okay.
• Vocal fillers give the connotation that we are
  stuck or searching for the right word. If used
  too much it becomes distracting.

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Types of Nonverbal communication

• Paralanguage the way we say something.
• Quality Rhythm, articulation, pronunciation,
  tempo and resonance.
• Good quality demonstrates competency, honesty and
  power.

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Types of Nonverbal communication

• The Body - Body Movement
• Emblems
• Illustrators
• Affect Displays
• Regulators
• Adaptors

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Types of Nonverbal communication

• The Body - Body Movement
• Emblems Have a direct translation into words.
  Does not cross cultures.
• Example
• 1. Thumb up hitchhiker or good luck.
• 2. Circle made with thumb and index finger
• okay.

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Types of Nonverbal communication

• The Body - Body Movement
• Illustrators Accents, emphasizes or reinforces
  words.
• Example Giving directions while pointing or
• showing how big or how wide.

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Types of Nonverbal communication

• The Body - Body Movement
• Affect Displays Intensity of feelings shown
  through our facial expressions and body movement.
  
• Example fist on desk

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Types of Nonverbal communication

• The Body - Body Movement
• Regulators Control the back and forth flow of
  speaking and listening head nods, hand gestures
  and shifts in posture.

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Types of Nonverbal communication

• The Body - Body Movement
• Adaptors Nonverbal ways of adjusting to a
  communication situation. Often used if nervous
  or uncomfortable in a situation.
• Often done subconsciously, sometimes to send a
  message.

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• Example Mother comes over to visit and starts
  moving objects around. This sends a message that
  you are untidy or youre still my little child or
  Im still your mom and in charge.

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• We all find ways to adapt to situations. Maybe
  we play with jewelry, drum on table or move
  around in our seats.

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Nonverbal Communication

• The Body - Body Appearance
• Height and Weight
• Race
• General Attractiveness

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Nonverbal Communication

• Facial Expressions
• Communicates Emotion
• Primary Affect Displays
• Affect Blends

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Nonverbal Communication

• Facial Management Techniques
• Intensify
• Deintensify
• Neutralize
• Mask
• Simulate

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Nonverbal Communication

• Eye Communication
• The Gaze!
• Duration of Eye Contact
• Direction of Eye Contact

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Nonverbal Communication

• Functions of Eye Contact
• Seeking Feedback
• Opening Communication
• Signaling Nature of Relationship
• Lessening Physical Distance

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Nonverbal Communication

• Functions of the Eyes - Avoidance
• Maintain Privacy
• Signal Lack of Interest
• Block Unpleasant Stimuli

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Nonverbal Communication

• Eye Communication - Pupil Dilation
• Dilated Pupils More Attractive
• Pupil Size Reveals Level of Emotional Arousal

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Nonverbal Communication

• Artifactual Communication
• Clothing Style and Color
• Body Adornment
• Space Decoration

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Clothing

• Clothing Affects what people think about
  status, affiliation, norms and conformity.
• Uniforms military, school. Identifies you with
  a particular organization.
• Occupational nurses, police officer, business
  suits. Clothing employees are expected to wear,
  not as strict as uniform.
• Leisure clothing jeans, sweatshirts. People
  exert their personal identities here.
• Costumes hats, boots, etc. Highly
  individualized dress.

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Body Adornment

• Hair Color and Style
• Make-up
• Tattoos
• Piercing
• Jewelry

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Nonverbal Communication

• Touch Communication
• Touch (haptics) is very important for babies and
  people of all ages .

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Touch Communication 5 categories

• 1. Functional professional touch has a
  specific reason. Example doctors office
• 2. Social polite touch acknowledge someone
  else. Example handshake
• 3. Friendship warmth touch hugs between
  friends.
• 4. Love-intimacy touch usually between
  parent-child and lovers.
• 5. Arousal touch used as expression attraction.

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Nonverbal Communication

• Touch Communication
• Meanings
• Positive Feelings
• Intention to Play
• Control Behavior
• Greeting and Departure
• Task-Related
• Touch Avoidance

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Touch Communication

• 1929 US Government study of orphans.
• Orphans dying prematurely.
• Cause Marasmaras
• Greek word to waste away.

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Touch Communication

• Touch increases mental and physical functioning,
  self-disclosure and compliance and tips for
  waiters and waitresses.
• Non-touchers China, Japan, Korea
• Touchers Italy, France, Mexico
• Neutral USA, Germany

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Nonverbal Communication

• Time
• Chronemics the study of time
• Emphasis on Past, Present, or Future
• Cultural Time Perspectives
• Monochronemic - fixed
• Polychronemic not fixed

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Nonverbal Communication

• Smell
• Attraction Messages
• Taste Messages
• Memory Messages
• Identification Messages

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Nonverbal Communication

• Territoriality
• Primary Territories
• Secondary Territories
• Public Territories
• Territorial Markers
• Central Markers
• Boundary Markers
• Earmarkers

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Types of territoriality

• Primary territory your exclusive areas. E.g.
  your desk, room, house, etc.
• In these areas you are in control and have great
  influence over others.

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Types of territoriality

• Secondary territory Areas that do not belong to
  you, but because you have occupied them for a
  period of time, they are associated or assigned
  to you. E.g. desk at work or in classroom, a
  certain spot in the cafeteria, a certain table at
  the restaurant. Spots or areas you have or feel
  a certain ownership-like attachment.

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Types of territoriality

• Public territory Public areas that are open to
  all people. E.g. park, movie theater, restaurant,
  beach, etc.

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Territorial Markers

• Central markers items you place in a territory
  to reserve it. E.g. books on your desk or a
  sweater on a chair to let others know its yours.

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Territorial Markers

• Boundary markers divides your territory from
  others. Examples At the supermarket line, you
  place the bar between your items and anothers or
  even arm rests in the movies.

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Territorial Markers

• Earmarkers taken from the practice of branding
  animals on their ears, are those identifying
  marks that indicate your possession of a
  territory or an object. E.g. trademarks, name
  plates and initials on shirts or briefcases.

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Territorial Encroachment 3 types

• Violation - Most extreme and causes turf
  defense. When you cannot tolerate intruders you
  may choose to defend your territory and expel the
  intruders.
• We see this with gangs defending their streets or
  neighborhood by fighting other gangs.

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Territorial Encroachment 3 types

• A less extreme is insulation a strategy where
  you set up a barrier of some type between your
  self and the invaders.
• Some people will do this with sunglasses to avoid
  eye contact.
• Others put up fences in their yards or partitions
  at the office.

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Territorial Encroachment 3 types

• Contamination using, disturbing, breaking, and
  moving someone else property and/or space. Can
  also include adding your belongings to another.
• Example Working at someones desk when they are
  not present.
• Home is robbed or car is broken into and items
  destroyed or stolen.
• Placing a jacket on someones chair.

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Improving your nonverbal communication

• How do people react to you? Are you surprised?
  Watch your nonverbal communication to take an
  inventory of how you speak.
• Videotape your nonverbal communication so you can
  observe you nonverbal behaviors.

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Improving your nonverbal communication

• Match your nonverbal communication and your role.
  Are they in sync?
• How do you use your space?
• How do you use time?

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Improving your nonverbal communication

• Are you a toucher or nontoucher?
• Step outside of your comfort zone or box and try
  new ways of nonverbal communication.

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