Echoing the emergence

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Lecture 11

• Echoing the emergence

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Santa Fe Institute

• Formed in 1985
• Think tank to deal with complexity
• Scientists from all areas including physics,
  chemistry, biology, computer science, economics,
  ecology, sociology, history, etc.
• http//www.santafe.edu

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The Flow

• Dynamical systems
• We find ourselves among ever-changing systems
• There is an intractable number of branches
• Feedback
• Systems change and develop by receiving feedback
  from the environment and responding to
  environment. Thus systems are inextricable parts
  of the environment
• Self-reference
• The systems around us are heavily recursive,
  self-bootstrapping
• Co-evolution
• There is no stand alone evolution, everything is
  co-evolving.
• Everything is dependent and influences everything
  else.

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Cybernetics

• Norbert Wiener
• Trying to understand how control communication
  worked
• Greek kybernetes (steersman) (Web of life pp..
  97)
• We are but whirlpools in a river of ever-flowing
  water
• Self-regulation
• We are not stuff that abides, but patterns that
  perpetuate themselves

Situation Assessment
Action
Impact on environment
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Ilya Prigogine

• Second law of thermodynamics
• In closed system, the amount of entropy in a
  given system does not decrease
• Entropy means disorder
• Living organisms and equilibrium
• Living beings are in order, away from equilibrium
• Open thermodynamical systems
• Nonlinear equations
• Self-Organization

Equilibrium (ice)
Order (edge of chaos)
Chaos (gas)
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Prisoners Dilemma

• - Two thieves are captured and both promised life
  if they would tell on each other. The problem is
  that ideally, they should simply just not tell on
  each other. But one of they think 'What if the
  other guy tells on me?' Then I will be in jail,
  and he will be spared. So they both defect, i.e.
  tell on each other
• and loose.
• - Iterative nature of biological games

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Seven basic elements of CAS

• Aggregation
• Economy and markets
• Body and nervous, immune, endocrine system
• World economy and country economies
• Emergence as a result of interactions
• whole gt sum of the parts
• higher level of organization
• meta agents

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Seven basic elements of CAS

• Tagging (mechanism)
• Identification of alike agents
• Grouping
• Attribute
• contracts between firms
• form of adaptation - delegation
• Divisions in a firm Equities, Fixed Income, etc.
• collaboration, formation of aggregate and
  diversification via tagging

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Seven basic elements of CAS

• Nonlinearity (property)
• aggregation tagging
• threshold of emergence (H gtsum(P))
• predator/prey interaction
• One of the standard example of nonlinear
  dynamical model is predator/prey interaction.
  Observe that increases in either population
  increase the likelihood of a contact. Let
  Predator(t), and Prey(t) be number of predators
  and prey at some time t, and let c be the
  constant that reflects efficiency of a predator.
  We can calculate the number of interactions per
  unit of time as cPredator(t)Prey(t). That is,
  with c 0.5, Predator(t) 2 and Prey(t) 10,
  we would have 10 encounters. Now, let us double
  each population so that Predator(t) 4 and
  Prey(t) 20, then we will have 40 encounters.
• nonlinearity is a result of a product instead of
  a sum

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Seven basic elements of CAS

• Flow (property)
• nonlinearity induces flow
• multiplier effect
• feedback and cycles

Dead
Alive
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Seven basic elements of CAS

• Diversity (property)
• arise from exploration of multitude of
  possibilities (local adaptations)
• firms enter and leave market
• mimicry

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Seven basic elements of CAS

• Internal models (mechanism)
• anticipation
• survival of the fittest
• subconscious mode

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Seven basic elements of CAS

• Building blocks (mechanism)
• decomposition
• quark, nucleon, atom, molecule, organelle, cell
• generation of internal models

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Eworld Parameters
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Eworld Resources

• ltRESOURCE CLASSedu.nyu.sejava.iskold.eworld.Homog
  eneousResourcegt
• ltPROPERTY NAMEQuantity VALUE25gt
• ltPROPERTY NAMEBase VALUEagt
• ltPROPERTY NAMERenewable VALUEtruegt
• lt/RESOURCEgt

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Eworld Resources

• ltRESOURCE CLASSedu.nyu.sejava.iskold.eworld.Homog
  eneousResource
• ltRBASEgt
• ltPROPERTY NAMEQuantity VALUE2gt
• ltPROPERTY NAMEBase VALUEagt
• lt/RBASEgt
• ltRBASEgt
• ltPROPERTY NAMEQuantity VALUE2gt
• ltPROPERTY NAMEBase VALUEtgt
• lt/RBASEgt
• ltPROPERTY NAMERenewable VALUEfalsegt
• lt/RESOURCEgt

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Entitys Genome

• - Reservoir (place where excess resources are
  stored)
• - 3 PhenoGenes (externally visible)
• - OffenseGene
• - Defense Gene
• - Mating Gene
• - 3 Rule Genes (internal only)
• - CombatConditionGene
• - TradeConditionGene
• - MatingConditionGene
• - Resource collection gene
• - Trading resource base

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Entity Generators

• ltGENERATOR CLASSedu.nyu.sejava.iskold.eworld.Bas
  icRandomEntityGeneratorgt
• ltPROPERTY NAMEQuantity VALUE25gt
• lt/RESOURCEgt
• ltGENERATOR CLASSedu.nyu.sejava.iskold.eworld.Basi
  cConstrainedEntityGeneratorgt
• ltPROPERTY NAMEQuantity VALUE25gt
• ltPROPERTY NAMEOffenseGeneLength VALUE5gt
• ltPROPERTY NAMEOffenseGeneBases VALUEATgt
• lt/RESOURCEgt

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Entity near Resource

• - Is this resource empty?
• - Does my Resource Collection Gene allow me to
  pick up next base from this resource?

NOPE, NO MATCH
C
A T G
NEXT BASE IN SOME RESOURCE
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Cloning

• - Does my Reservoir contain enough bases to clone
  myself?
• Cloning threshold is at least 1

Offense ACG Defense AAA Mating CGT Combat
Condition AAGT Trade Condition GGG Mating
Condition CG Resource collection AG Trading
resource A
RESERVOIR CONTAINS TWICE THE GENOME
16 A 4 T 6 C 16 G
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Combat
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Combat
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Single point crossover
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Single point crossover
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Mortality

• - Every round kill entities at random
• - The longer entity lives the higher its chance
  of
• dying

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Statistics
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Some book references

• Complexity,
• by M. Mitchell Waldrop
• At Home in the Universe,
• by Stuart Kauffman
• Web Of Life,
• by Frijof Capra
• The Blind Watchmaker,
• by Richard Dawkins