Outline:1/22/07

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Outline 1/22/07

• Pick up CAPA 4-5-6 outside
• Chem Seminar reports to me
• Organic Chem survey
• Today
• Finish Chapter 13
• - biomolecules
• Thermodynamics

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Quiz 2 Organic nomenclature
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Worksheet 2Organic Nomenclature
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Worksheet 2

• What is the structural formula and molar mass of
  2-butanol?

• Primary amine?

R NH2

• Tertiary alcohol?

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Worksheet 2 (contd)

• Ketone?

• Ester?

• Benzaldehyde?

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Worksheet 2 (contd)

• addition of ethanol and pentanoic acid

C2H5 OH
C4H9COOH
Practice!
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Some Biopolymers

• carbohydrates
• DNA/RNA
• proteins

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Monosaccharides
Carbohydrates

• Cx (H2O)y (e.g. C6H12O6)

• 20 natural kinds, mostly in 2 types
• Pentoses (5 carbons ribose)
• Hexoses (6 carbons glucose, fructose)
• All have an ether O in the ring
• Ether is the starting point for numbering

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(hexoses with a subtle isomerism)
p. 116
CH2OH
CH2OH

• Polymer Cellulose Polymer Starch

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(more hexoses with subtle isomerisms)
CH2OH
CH2OH
HO
HO
H
H
Galactose
Galactose
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Sweeteners disaccharides
Sucrose A disaccharide, a-glucose connected to
b-fructose.
Sucralose (splenda) Hexose with 3 hydroxyls
replaced with chlorine. Stable enough for baking.
Aspartame (nutrasweet) Dipeptide, breaks down
under high heat.
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(Polysaccharide)
e.g. cellulose glycogen
Structure of monomers determines shape
of polymer!
a starch
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Polysaccharides

• Monomers are joined by condensation reaction to
  make an ether linkage
• Storage of carbohydrates (starches, glycogen)
• Structural materials (cellulose, chitin)

Cellulose and chitin are made from b-glucose
they form sheets interconnected by either H-bonds
or amide bonds.
Starch is made from a-glucose and forms long
strands that clump together.
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Nucleic Acids

• pentose sugar
• organic base in a
• phosphate link macromolecule
• nucleotides/
• polynucleotides
• (DNA/RNA)

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p. 117
Primary Structure Bases
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p. 117
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Find the pieces.
Phosphate?
Pentose sugar?
? bases?
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Nucleic acid structures

• Addition of sugar and phosphate result in the
  monomer units for polymeric DNA and RNA.

The order of nucleic acids is called the primary
structure or the sequence. (ACGT in this example)
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Secondary Structure Helix
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Tertiary Structure Shape
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Proteins

• Amino acids
• peptides/polypeptides
• (polyamides made from condensation reactions
  of amino acids)

R side chain
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(eleven)
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(nine)
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Summary

• What do you need to know?

Organic nomenclature A couple organic
reactions Some polymer definitions
Start reading chapter 14!
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Thermodynamics Chemical
Energetics
Overview
Last semester What happens in a chemical
reaction... How much happens in a reaction...
This semester Why a chemical reaction
happens... How fast does a reaction happen...
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Why are we so interested in heat?

• Chemical reactions that produce heat
• Chemical reactions that absorb heat

• Exothermic
• Endothermic

Heat is related to whether the reaction will
happen!