Title: Review of Hickey and Mohan and then Sustainable Development
1Review of Hickey and Mohan and then Sustainable
Development
2Hickey and Mohan article 5 key sections
- 1. History of Participatory devt. (PD)
- 2. Sociology Review of PD in practice
- 3. Analysis Where has PD worked?
- 4. Recommendation radical citizenship
- 5. Recommendation II critical modernism
3Section 1 History of PD
- 1. Traces PD back to 1940s (Table 1)
- 2. Argues for approach that links imminent devt.
(devt. policies) to immanent devt. (ongoing
historical change)
4Section 2 Review of PD in practice
- Participatory governance and decentralization
- NGOS and PD
- 3. Social movements
5Section 3 Analysis where has PD worked?
- Identify four commonalities across success
stories PD succeeded when - 1. Part of broader radical project
- 2. Connected imminent with immanent
- 3. Concerned with citizenship
- 4. Econ and political power holders are different
people
6Section 4 Recommendation Radical citizenship
- 1. Need broad defn. of citizenship
- 2. Include people marginalized
- 3. Engage with difference (Mouffe)
7Section 5 Recommendation 2 Critical Modernism
- 1. Rethink rather than reject devt.
- 2. Need ecology of agents which blends the
institutional capacities of the state and
associational resources of civil society
(drawing on Heller)
8Sustainable Development Lecture Structure
- 1. The Stockholm Conference 1972
- 2. World Conservation Strategy 1980
- 3. Brundtland Report 1987
- 4. Evaluating Sustainable Development
9Grand Theories of DevelopmentWhere was the
environment?
- A resource, to be used for economic growth
- Something to be traded off against modernisation
and growth - The past, tradition modernity was
technological, futurist, bright, clean. - Especially true of modernization theory
10The Stockholm Conference
- 1972 UN Conference on the Human Environment
- Brought together 113 countries from North and
South - Argued for integrating environmental protection
with development - Primarily concerned with issues arising from
industrialisation
11Outcomes
- The creation of the United Nations Environment
Programme (UNEP) - Set in train greater scientific co-operation
(e.g. climate change) - Helped encourage the World Conservation Strategy
12The World Conservation Strategy
- Published in 1980 by WWF, IUCN and UNEP
- Stressed importance of managing global commons-
sea, air. - Emphasized people-centred development
- Several countries launched National Action Plans
13WCS Problems
- Did not anticipate political obstacles to meeting
conservation goals - Abstract language humans in the ecosystem
- Alarmist conservation or disaster
14The Brundtland Report
- 1983 UN established the World Commission on
Environment and Development. - Chaired by Gro Harlem Brundtland.
- 1987 Brundtland Report published
15Key Features of the Brundtland Report
- Popularised term sustainable development
defined as development which meets the needs
of the present generation without compromising
the ability of the next generation to meet their
needs - 2. Discussed environment and development
together, e.g. links between land degradation and
poverty
16Key Features of the Brundtland Report (cont.d)
- 3. Begins with people discusses type of
environmental policies required to meet social
and economic goals. - 4. Concerned with reforming global financial
system in favour of global south, e.g. ending
protectionism in the global north - 5. Advocates capital flow to the global south
17Strengths of Sustainable Development concept
- Places environmental concerns at forefront
- Considers environmental and social questions
together - Acts as a rallying call for environmental groups
18The Sustainable Development Triangle
Environmental sustainability
Sustained economic growth
Sustained improvement in social well-being
19ButSustainable Development may be too
vague...Four common meanings are
- 1) literal sustaining anything
- 2) ecological sustaining the ecological basis of
human life - 3) social sustaining the social basis of human
life - 4) economic sustaining growth
20Implications of vagueness
- May promote consensus building, BUT
- Often prevents focused policies
- West may manipulate ideas of SD to attach
conditions to aid - Powerful groups WITHIN poorer countries may use
ideas of SD to prevent change
21Conclusions
- From early 1970s increased concern with impact of
development on environment - In 1980s shifted to emphasis on sustainable
development (SD) - Need to consider the power of words how is SD
deployed?